{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:44:55Z","timestamp":1790109895821,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009104","name":"Department of Health Research, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R.11013\/46\/2021-GIA\/HR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.11013\/46\/2021-GIA\/HR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The present work focuses on the development of a disposable electrochemical biosensor for simultaneous dual cancer biomarker detection onto a single-sensing platform. For this, an indigenously designed four-electrode system having two working areas of electrodes on a single screen-printed electrode (SPE) substrate was coated by graphite-based conductive ink. The first working electrode surface decorated by the prepared complex is composed of chitosan-functionalized 1T phase of tungsten disulfide-gold nanoparticles (f-WS2@AuNPs) composite and activated antibodies of tagged Cancer Antigen 125 (ab-tg-CA-125), while the second working electrode contained f-WS2@AuNPs and antibody of Human Epididymis protein 4 (ab-HE4). Further, both working electrodes were passivated by BSA to block nonspecific signals. Dual antibody-immobilized platforms of ab-tg-CA-125\/f-WS2@AuNPs\/SPE and ab-HE4\/f-WS2@AuNPs\/SPE were further used for simultaneous detection of two ovarian cancer biomarkers of CA-125 and HE4 using an electrochemical differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. Fabricated electrochemical immunosensing platforms of ab-tg-CA-125\/f-WS2@AuNPs\/SPE and ab-HE4\/f-WS2@AuNPs\/SPE worked in the range of 0.001\u201325 \u03bcg mL\u20131 for CA-125 detection and 0.001\u201310 ng mL\u20131 for HE4 detection. The developed immunosensor showed a limit of detection of 0.001 \u03bcg mL\u20131 for CA-125 and 0.001 ng mL\u20131 for HE4. Also, the sensitivity of the developed electrochemical biosensor was calculated for CA-125 and HE4 and found to be 1.43 \u03bcA(log \u03bcg mL\u20131)\u22121 cm\u20132 and 1.092 \u03bcA(log ng mL\u20131)\u22121 cm\u20132, respectively. Both ab-CA-125 and ab-HE4 antibodies exhibit a larger value of association constant (Ka) and reveals strong binding affinity of antibodies toward respective cancer biomarkers. Moreover, the developed biosensors were tested with clinical ovarian patient serum samples, and the results were compared with the immunoassay kit. Therefore, these findings show the effective biosensor performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and faster response for simultaneous ovarian biomarker detection in clinical samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c01571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T01:58:24Z","timestamp":1762221504000},"page":"10311-10324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Smartphone-Enabled\nElectrochemical Biosensor for Simultaneous\nDetection of Cancer Biomarkers Using f-WS2@AuNPs\nScreen-Printed Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hema","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University , , ,","place":["New Delhi, India, 110067"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.B.V.S.","family":"Lakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University , , ,","place":["New Delhi, India, 110067"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1679-2180","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pratima R.","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jawaharlal Nehru University , , ,","place":["New Delhi, India, 110067"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit1","author":"Lehnen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ovarian Cancer: A\nSilent Killer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026073107114328800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062545","article-title":"Precision\nMedicine in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer:\nTargeted Therapies and the Challenge of Chemoresistance","volume":"26","author":"Polajz\u030cer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073107114328800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010099","article-title":"Application of Various Optical and\nElectrochemical Nanobiosensors for Detecting Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125):\nA Review","volume":"13","author":"Pourmadadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073107114328800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-020-00681-0","article-title":"Rising Serum\nCA-125\nLevels within the Normal Range Is Strongly Associated Recurrence Risk\nand Survival of Ovarian Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Piatek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00370E","article-title":"Cancer Biomarker Detection:\nRecent Achievements and Challenges","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc.\nRev."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.07.017","article-title":"Electrochemical\nImmunosensors in\nBreast and Ovarian Cancer","volume":"425","author":"Diaconu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073107114328800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5039863","article-title":"Electrochemical\nSensors and Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials and Nanostructures","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.941135","article-title":"A Review of\nTransition Metal Dichalcogenides-Based Biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073107114328800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13020169","article-title":"Two-Dimensional\nTransition Metal\nDichalcogenide Based Biosensors: From Fundamentals to Healthcare Applications","volume":"13","author":"Mia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2018.11.054","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical Biosensor for Hydroxymethylated DNA Detection\nand T4-\u03b2-Glucosyltransferase Activity Assay Based on WS2 Nanosheets\nand Carbon Dots","volume":"127","author":"Sui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073107114328800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c00067","article-title":"Tungsten Disulfide Nanosheet-Based\nField-Effect Transistor Biosensor for DNA Hybridization Detection","volume":"5","author":"Bahri","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026073107114328800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2010.08.071","article-title":"Antibody Immobilized\nCysteamine Functionalized-Gold\nNanoparticles for Aflatoxin Detection","volume":"519","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin\nSolid Films"},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.113008","article-title":"Ultrasensitive\nChemiresistive\nHumidity Sensor Based on Gold Functionalized WS2 Nanosheets","volume":"331","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107225","article-title":"Novel Peptides\nFunctionalized Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Tungsten Disulfide Nanoflowers\nas the Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for the Norovirus in an Oyster","volume":"114","author":"Baek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"69","key":"2026073107114328800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36742","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA06133K","article-title":"An Aptamer Electrochemical\nAssay for Sensitive Detection of Immunoglobulin E Based on Tungsten\nDisulfide-Graphene Composites and Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026073107114328800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8011","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY01478B","article-title":"A Novel Aptamer\nSensor Based on Layered Tungsten Disulfide Nanosheets and Au Nanoparticles\nAmplification for 17\u03b2-Estradiol Detection","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026073107114328800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29020552","article-title":"A Novel Label-Free\nElectrochemical Immunosensor for the Detection of Thyroid Transcription\nFactor 1 Using Ribbon-like Tungsten Disulfide-Reduced Graphene Oxide\nNanohybrids and Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026073107114328800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202400780","article-title":"New Insights\ninto the Effects of\nElectrode Polarization of Chitosan on Graphene Nanomaterials","volume":"12","author":"Naidoo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073107114328800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00821","article-title":"Label-Free\nElectrochemical Immunosensor Based on One-Step Electrochemical Deposition\nof AuNP-RGO Nanocomposites for Detection of Endometriosis Marker CA\n125","volume":"3","author":"Sangili","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s44211-024-00528-4","article-title":"Sandwich-Type Electrochemical Immunosensing of CA125\nby Using Nanoribbon-like Ti3C2Tx MXenes and Toluidine Blue\/UIO-66-NH2","volume":"40","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073107114328800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.01.004","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Electrochemical\nImmunosensor for HE4 Based on Rolling\nCircle Amplification","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1007\/s11696-024-03359-9","article-title":"A Disposable and Ultrasensitive Immunosensor for the\nDetection of HE4 in Human Serum Samples","volume":"78","author":"Vural","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem.\nPap."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073107114328800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c03173","article-title":"Ultrasensitive\nElectrochemical Diagnostic\nPlatform for Dual Cancer Biomarkers Using a Disposable Sheet@ Polymer\nNanocomposite-Based Screen-Printed Electrode","volume":"7","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026073107114328800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04569-y","article-title":"A Label-Free\nDual Immunosensor for the Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination\nof CA125 and HE4 Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer","volume":"415","author":"Bilgi Kamac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026073107114328800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2016-0196","article-title":"Bioanalytical\nQualification of Clinical Biomarker Assays in Plasma Using a Novel\nMulti-Analyte Simple PlexTM Platform","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112029","article-title":"A Novel Electrochemical Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection\nof CA125 in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"153","author":"Samadi Pakchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104746","article-title":"Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor\nfor Detection of Oncomarker CA125 in Serum","volume":"155","author":"de Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.07.026","article-title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of 1T-WS2 Nanosheets with Excellent\nAdsorption\nPerformance for Dye Removal from Wastewater","volume":"254","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073107114328800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36422","article-title":"Novel Amperometric\nGlucose Biosensor Based on MXene Nanocomposite","volume":"6","author":"Rakhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121578","article-title":"Gold Nanobipyramids\nIntegrated Ultrasensitive\nOptical and Electrochemical Biosensor for Aflatoxin B1 Detection","volume":"222","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20064","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-018-0137-3","article-title":"Temperature\nDependent Photoluminescence from WS 2 Nanostructures","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125530","article-title":"A Label-Free\nUltrasensitive Microfluidic\nSurface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Aflatoxin B1 Detection Using\nNanoparticles Integrated Gold Chip","volume":"307","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"2026073107114328800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2024.117935","article-title":"Enhanced Structural,\nMorphological and Optical Properties\nof WS2 Nanorods Synthesized via Hydrothermal Methodology","volume":"313","author":"Somveer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., B"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026073107114328800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.202000068","article-title":"Metallic 1T\nPhase Tungsten\nDisulfide Microflowers for Trace Level Detection of Hg2+ Ions","volume":"4","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sustain. Syst."}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Bio Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsabm.5c01571","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article-pdf\/8\/11\/10311\/66331494\/acsabm.5c01571.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article-pdf\/8\/11\/10311\/66331494\/acsabm.5c01571.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:11:48Z","timestamp":1785496308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article\/8\/11\/10311\/5236819\/Smartphone-Enabled-Electrochemical-Biosensor-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsabm.5c01571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2576-6422"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2576-6422","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]}}}