{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T09:30:15Z","timestamp":1793611815079,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold immense therapeutic potential, yet their clinical translation is hindered by nonspecific cellular uptake and the complexity and cost of surface engineering. Here, we present the EZON (Easy OligoNucleotide) EV modification platform, a cost-effective, post-isolation modification system that addresses both limitations simultaneously. The EZON platform employs unmodified DNA aptamers that bind directly to tetraspanin proteins on EV surfaces, eliminating the need for cholesterol conjugation, covalent chemistry, or genetic engineering of producer cells. EVs are thus easily and rapidly functionalized in a single incubation step at substantially reduced oligonucleotide cost. The EZON platform enables dual functionality: (1) the oligonucleotide anchor (ONA) sequence inhibits nonspecific cellular uptake, while (2) the display strand enables targeted delivery through ligand-mediated internalization. We demonstrate that our optimized ONA construct efficiently functionalizes EVs from multiple mammalian cell types. Cancer cells selectively internalized EZON-modified EVs functionalized with AS1411, an aptamer that targets nucleolin, whereas off-target internalization was suppressed. The platform\u2019s versatility extends to protein display via histidine-tag aptamers and therapeutic cargo delivery, as demonstrated by targeted doxorubicin delivery to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. This rapid, modular approach transforms unmodified EVs into precision delivery vehicles within hours, offering a scalable solution for targeted therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.6c01051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:02:09Z","timestamp":1792407729000},"page":"10209-10219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Easy Oligonucleotide Platform for Rapid, Post-Isolation EV Modification: Dual-Function Uptake Control and Enhanced Targeting"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil G.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3018-5419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tagbo","family":"Niepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]},{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ransey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Henninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5353-0422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Subha R.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01055-0","article-title":"Exosomes: A Review of Biologic Function, Diagnostic and Targeted Therapy Applications, and Clinical Trials","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","article-title":"Biogenesis, Secretion, and Intercellular Interactions of Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"30","author":"Colombo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.12.011","article-title":"Harnessing Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Crosstalk between T Cells and Cancer Cells for Therapeutic Applications","volume":"378","author":"Budayr","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.04.013","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles for Tissue Repair and Regeneration: Evidence, Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"175","author":"Nagelkerke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.24641","article-title":"Routes and Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicle Uptake","volume":"3","author":"Mulcahy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026110201070591600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05204","article-title":"Aptamer-Functionalized Exosomes: Elucidating the Cellular Uptake Mechanism and the Potential for Cancer-Targeted Chemotherapy","volume":"91","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110201070591600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021337","article-title":"The Machinery of Exosomes: Biogenesis, Release, and Uptake","volume":"24","author":"Krylova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110201070591600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-017-3958-1","article-title":"Mechanism of Recipient Cell-Dependent Differences in Exosome Uptake","volume":"18","author":"Horibe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.910341","article-title":"Direct Modification of Extracellular Vesicles and Its Applications for Cancer Therapy: A Mini-Review","volume":"10","author":"Nan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026110201070591600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16854","article-title":"Surface Components and Biological Interactions of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7137","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S464249","article-title":"Engineering Exosomes for Therapeutic Applications: Decoding Biogenesis, Content Modification, and Cargo Loading Strategies","volume":"19","author":"Bahadorani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026110201070591600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083","article-title":"A Doxorubicin Delivery Platform Using Engineered Natural Membrane Vesicle Exosomes for Targeted Tumor Therapy","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026110201070591600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12469","article-title":"HaloTag Display Enables Quantitative Single-Particle Characterisation and Functionalisation of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Mitrut","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026110201070591600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202200125","article-title":"Elucidating Design Principles for Engineering Cell-Derived Vesicles to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"18","author":"Gunnels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026110201070591600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12199","article-title":"Presentation of Antigen on Extracellular Vesicles Using Transmembrane Domains from Viral Glycoproteins for Enhanced Immunogenicity","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026110201070591600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1807","article-title":"Delivery of siRNA to the Mouse Brain by Systemic Injection of Targeted Exosomes","volume":"29","author":"Alvarez-Erviti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026110201070591600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8166","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.621383","article-title":"Stabilization of Exosome-Targeting Peptides via Engineered Glycosylation","volume":"290","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026110201070591600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1021\/bc500291r","article-title":"Surface Functionalization of Exosomes Using Click Chemistry","volume":"25","author":"Smyth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110201070591600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10697","article-title":"In Situ-Crosslinked Zippersomes Enhance Cardiac Repair by Increasing Accumulation and Retention","volume":"9","author":"Jasiewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026110201070591600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.0c00216","article-title":"In Situ One-Step Fluorescence Labeling Strategy of Exosomes via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry for Real-Time Exosome Tracking In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026110201070591600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10555","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04651","article-title":"Rapid On-Demand Extracellular Vesicle Augmentation with Versatile Oligonucleotide Tethers","volume":"13","author":"Yerneni","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026110201070591600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.05.024","article-title":"Optimized Cholesterol-siRNA Chemistry Improves Productive Loading onto Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"26","author":"Haraszti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110201070591600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.4c00338","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle Spherical Nucleic Acids","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026110201070591600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7548","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c02193","article-title":"Programmable DNA Scaffolds Enable Orthogonal Engineering of Cell Membrane-Based Nanovesicles for Therapeutic Development","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026110201070591600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.9.1628","article-title":"Aptamers: An Emerging Class of Molecules That Rival Antibodies in Diagnostics","volume":"45","author":"Jayasena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026110201070591600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11426-025-2968-x","article-title":"Aptamers in Bioanalytical Chemistry: Current Trends in Development and Application","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China: Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110201070591600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202400551","article-title":"Empowering Exosomes with Aptamers for Precision Theranostics","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026110201070591600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11457","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR00207E","article-title":"Role of Aptamer Technology in Extracellular Vesicle Biology and Therapeutic Applications","volume":"16","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114487","article-title":"Microfluidic-Based Exosome Isolation and Highly Sensitive Aptamer Exosome Membrane Protein Detection for Lung Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"214","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026110201070591600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235585","article-title":"Development of a CD63 Aptamer for Efficient Cancer Immunochemistry and Immunoaffinity-Based Exosome Isolation","volume":"25","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Basel Switz."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026110201070591600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c00879","article-title":"Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistor Consisted of a CD9 Aptamer and MXene for Exosome Detection in Human Serum","volume":"8","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.03.027","article-title":"An Engineered M2 Macrophage-Derived Exosomes-Loaded Electrospun Biomimetic Periosteum Promotes Cell Recruitment, Immunoregulation, and Angiogenesis in Bone Regeneration","volume":"50","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S497428","article-title":"Injured Cardiac Tissue-Targeted Delivery of TGF\u03b21 siRNA by FAP Aptamer-Functionalized Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Cardiac Repair","volume":"20","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"37","key":"2026110201070591600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306852","article-title":"DNA Nanomaterial-Empowered Surface Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"36","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110201070591600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00693-y","article-title":"Quantitative Proteomics Identifies the Core Proteome of Exosomes with Syntenin-1 as the Highest Abundant Protein and a Putative Universal Biomarker","volume":"23","author":"Kugeratski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit36","article-title":"Development of CD81 Aptamers for Exosome-Based Theramostics","author":"Zhang","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110201070591600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV2023): From Basic to Advanced Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026110201070591600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9556-2","article-title":"Post-SELEX Optimization of Aptamers","volume":"408","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026110201070591600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-023-05836-6","article-title":"Improving Aptamer Performance: Key Factors and Strategies","volume":"190","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1273813","article-title":"An Update on Our Understanding of Gram-Positive Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Discovery, Functions, and Applications","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110201070591600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2023.09.003","article-title":"Tetraspanins: Structure, Dynamics, and Principles of Partner-Protein Recognition","volume":"34","author":"Susa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026110201070591600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2009.01.004","article-title":"Discovery and Development of the G-Rich Oligonucleotide AS1411 as a Novel Treatment for Cancer","volume":"86","author":"Bates","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026110201070591600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2023.5284","article-title":"Nucleolin-Based Targeting Strategies in Cancer Treatment: Focus on Cancer Immunotherapy (Review)","volume":"52","author":"Thongchot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110201070591600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C83","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00035.2019","article-title":"Nucleolin Mediates the Binding of Cancer Cells to L-Selectin under Conditions of Lymphodynamic Shear Stress","volume":"318","author":"Goldson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. - Cell Physiol."},{"issue":"745","key":"2026110201070591600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.abg8191","article-title":"CD9 Mediates the Uptake of Extracellular Vesicles from Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts That Promote Pancreatic Cancer Cell Aggressiveness","volume":"15","author":"Nigri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.01.019","article-title":"CD9-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles from Chemically Reprogrammed Basal Progenitors of Salivary Glands Mitigate Salivary Gland Fibrosis","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110201070591600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14334","article-title":"Anti-Human CD9 Antibody Fab Fragment Impairs the Internalization of Extracellular Vesicles and the Nuclear Transfer of Their Cargo Proteins","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026110201070591600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-025-00922-4","article-title":"Biology and Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicle Targeting and Uptake","volume":"27","author":"Ripoll","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.5.174","article-title":"Different Endocytotic Uptake Mechanisms for Nanoparticles in Epithelial Cells and Macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Kuhn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107084","article-title":"Insights into the Role of Derailed Endocytic Trafficking Pathway in Cancer: From the Perspective of Cancer Hallmarks","volume":"201","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110201070591600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010173","article-title":"The Tumour Suppressor CYLD Is Required for Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of EGFR and Cetuximab-Induced Apoptosis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026110201070591600_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12839","article-title":"Host Phospholipase C-\u03931 Impairs Phagocytosis and Killing of Mycobacteria by J774A1 Murine Macrophages","volume":"64","author":"Paroha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110201070591600_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01103-6","article-title":"A Review of the Regulatory Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicles-Mediated Intercellular Communication","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110201070591600_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.146.2.477","article-title":"Characterization of Integrin\u2013Tetraspanin Adhesion Complexes: Role of Tetraspanins in Integrin Signaling","volume":"146","author":"Berditchevski","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"37","key":"2026110201070591600_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34349","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200771200","article-title":"Tetraspanin CD9 Is a \u201cProteolipid,\u201d and Its Interaction with \u03913 Integrin in Microdomain Is Promoted by GM3 Ganglioside, Leading to Inhibition of Laminin-5-Dependent Cell Motility*","volume":"277","author":"Kawakami","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026110201070591600_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02730","article-title":"CD9 Controls the Formation of Clusters That Contain Tetraspanins and the Integrin \u03916\u03b21, Which Are Involved in Human and Mouse Gamete Fusion","volume":"119","author":"Ziyyat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2023.213283","article-title":"A Peptide Binding to the Tetraspanin CD9 Reduces Cancer Metastasis","volume":"146","author":"Suwatthanarak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.043","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy \u2013 An Update","volume":"818","author":"Renu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.07.020","article-title":"Tumor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Breast Cancer Specific Delivery of Therapeutic P53","volume":"349","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.06.046","article-title":"Skin-Targeted Delivery of Extracellular Vesicle-Encapsulated Curcumin Using Dissolvable Microneedle Arrays","volume":"149","author":"Yerneni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026110201070591600_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00182","article-title":"Drug Loading and Functional Efficacy of Cow, Buffalo, and Goat Milk-Derived Exosomes: A Comparative Study","volume":"19","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026110201070591600_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2024.79378.17194","article-title":"Doxorubicin-Loaded NK Exosomes Enable Cytotoxicity against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Spheroids","volume":"27","author":"Hashemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.09.055","article-title":"Imidazole-Free Purification of His3-Tagged Recombinant Proteins Using ssDNA Aptamer-Based Affinity Chromatography","volume":"1418","author":"Bartnicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2020.113893","article-title":"An ssDNA Aptamer Specific for Detection and Purification of Hexahistidine-Tagged Proteins","volume":"607","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.102125","article-title":"Novel Nuclease-Resistant RNA Aptamer for Polyhistidine-Tagged Proteins and Its Application in Electrochemical Aptasensor Detection","volume":"43","author":"Sripinitchai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110201070591600_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12062-2","article-title":"The Use of High-Affinity Polyhistidine Binders as Masking Probes for the Selection of an NDM-1 Specific Aptamer","volume":"12","author":"Sabrowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026110201070591600_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1198365","article-title":"Current Understanding of CTLA-4: From Mechanism to Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Hossen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026110201070591600_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2022.2056","article-title":"Current Understanding of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Signaling in T-Cell Biology and Disease Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110201070591600_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-741033","article-title":"CTLA-4: A Moving Target in Immunotherapy","volume":"131","author":"Rowshanravan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110201070591600_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1422674","article-title":"Efficient Ultrafiltration-Based Protocol to Deplete Extracellular Vesicles from Fetal Bovine Serum","volume":"7","author":"Kornilov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Bio Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsabm.6c01051","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsabm.6c01051\/68901238\/mt-2026-010516.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsabm.6c01051\/68901238\/mt-2026-010516.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T09:09:54Z","timestamp":1793610594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article\/9\/21\/10209\/5453567\/An-Easy-Oligonucleotide-Platform-for-Rapid-Post"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsabm.6c01051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2576-6422"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2576-6422","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]}}}