{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:03:02Z","timestamp":1790107382969,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017052","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Liaoning Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-BSLH-123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-BSLH-123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018617","name":"Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XLYC1902108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC1902108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the changing pace of life and increasing environmental pressures, the prevalence of hirsutism has increased. Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are the starting factor and the key factor in hair follicle regeneration. In this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to systematically examine the effects of exosome-like nanoparticles derived from leeks (LELNs) on the proliferation and differentiation of HFSCs and the underlying molecular mechanisms. LELNs promoted the proliferation and migration of HFSCs and improved their endogenous antioxidant and antibacterial capacities. In addition, LELNs inhibited the expression of NLRP3 protein in the classical pathway of HFSCs and exerted anti-inflammatory effects, which reduced the release of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, these particles inhibited hair maturation in rat models by inhibiting the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway and triggering HFSC differentiation into sebaceous gland cells. In conclusion, this study highlights LELNs altering HFSC differentiation direction by inhibiting the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway and the potential therapeutic efficacy of LELNs in managing hirsutism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.6c01060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T17:53:32Z","timestamp":1788112412000},"page":"8272-8286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leek-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles Inhibit Hair Growth by Controlling the Differentiation Fate of Hair Follicle Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5422-0274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]},{"name":"Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]},{"name":"Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dake","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]},{"name":"Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanjian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]},{"name":"Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4452-8005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xifan","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]},{"name":"Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8105-9773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"He","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]},{"name":"Jinzhou Medical University , , ,","place":["Jinzhou, China, 121001"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad4395","article-title":"Hair Follicle Aging Is Driven by Transepidermal Elimination of Stem Cells via COL17A1 Proteolysis","volume":"351","author":"Matsumura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092215074835700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00208-2","article-title":"Morphogenesis and Renewal of Hair Follicles from Adult Multipotent Stem Cells","volume":"104","author":"Oshima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/SCCAA.S138150","article-title":"Conventional and Novel Stem Cell Based Therapies for Androgenic Alopecia","volume":"10","author":"Talavera-Adame","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning"},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18763-3","article-title":"In Vivo Monitoring of Hair Cycle Stages via Bioluminescence Imaging of Hair Follicle NG2 Cells","volume":"8","author":"Tamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092215074835700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.1.449","article-title":"Controls of Hair Follicle Cycling","volume":"81","author":"Stenn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0897-358","article-title":"Bcl-2 and Bax Function Independently to Regulate Cell Death","volume":"16","author":"Knudson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3722","article-title":"Control of Apoptosis by the BCL-2 Protein Family: Implications for Physiology and Therapy","volume":"15","author":"Czabotar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092215074835700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2013.12.006","article-title":"Many Players in BCL-2 Family Affairs","volume":"39","author":"Moldoveanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc883","article-title":"The BCL2 Family: Regulators of the Cellular Life-or-Death Switch","volume":"2","author":"Cory","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092215074835700_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/1357-4310(96)10045-9","article-title":"Growth Factors and Cytokines in Hair Follicle Development and Cycling: Recent Insights from Animal Models and the Potentials for Clinical Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Danilenko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Today"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092215074835700_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12516.x","article-title":"Profile of Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Responses during the Murine Hair Cycle","volume":"121","author":"Soma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908123410706","article-title":"The Biology of Hair Follicles","volume":"341","author":"Paus","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092215074835700_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3319","article-title":"Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Hair Cycle","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092215074835700_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.10.003","article-title":"Distinct Functions for Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin in Hair Follicle Stem Cell Proliferation and Survival and Interfollicular Epidermal Homeostasis","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026092215074835700_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11873","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1834202100","article-title":"Indian Hedgehog and \u03b2-Catenin Signaling: Role in the Sebaceous Lineage of Normal and Neoplastic Mammalian Epidermis","volume":"100","author":"Niemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092215074835700_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02289-8","article-title":"Double-Sided Niche Regulation in Skin Stem Cell and Cancer: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications","volume":"24","author":"Pham","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026092215074835700_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E13-08-0472","article-title":"CCN2 Modulates Hair Follicle Cycling in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092215074835700_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06458.x","article-title":"Ectopic Expression of c-Myc in the Skin Affects the Hair Growth Cycle and Causes an Enlargement of the Sebaceous Gland","volume":"152","author":"Bull","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092215074835700_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00730-1","article-title":"The Exosome Journey: From Biogenesis to Uptake and Intracellular Signalling","volume":"19","author":"Gurung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113829","article-title":"Nanomedicine at the Crossroads \u2013 A Quick Guide for IVIVC","volume":"179","author":"Mast","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026092215074835700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9311","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.60265","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Garlic Chive-Derived Vesicle-like Nanoparticles in NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092215074835700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgad062","article-title":"Exosome-like Nanoparticles Derived from Allium tuberosum Prevent Neuroinflammation in Microglia-like Cells","volume":"75","author":"Ishida","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092215074835700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.70032","article-title":"TWEAK Regulates the Functions of Hair Follicle Stem Cells via the Fn14-Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin-CXCR4 Signalling Axis","volume":"33","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092215074835700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.09.012","article-title":"Adipocyte Lipolysis Activates Epithelial Stem Cells for Hair Regeneration through Fatty Acid Metabolic Signaling","volume":"37","author":"Tai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2026.117764","article-title":"TBG096 Stimulates Hair Regeneration through IGF-1R-Mediated Angiogenesis","volume":"247","author":"Manzoor","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00467-4","article-title":"The Role of NPY2R\/NFATc1\/DYRK1A Regulatory Axis in Sebaceous Glands for Sebum Synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.04.005","article-title":"Androgens Induce Sebaceous Differentiation in Sebocyte Cells Expressing a Stable Functional Androgen Receptor","volume":"152","author":"Barrault","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092215074835700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2016.10.004","article-title":"Sex Hormones and Acne","volume":"35","author":"Ju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026092215074835700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30765","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000039200","article-title":"Requirement of Ras\/MAPK Pathway Activation by Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2 for Transforming Growth Factor \u03b21 Production in a Smad-Dependent Pathway","volume":"275","author":"Yue","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092215074835700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050921","article-title":"ERK, p38, and Smad Signaling Pathways Differentially Regulate Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21 Autoinduction in Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells","volume":"169","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092215074835700_cit31","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Antioxidant Capacity of Edible Plant-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles in Vitro and Their Protective Effect against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in PC12 Cells","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ. (Med. Ed.)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092215074835700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.10.001","article-title":"Plant-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs Shape the Gut Microbiota","volume":"24","author":"Teng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092215074835700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56498-2","article-title":"Plant-Nanoparticles Enhance Anti-PD-L1 Efficacy by Shaping Human Commensal Microbiota Metabolites","volume":"16","author":"Teng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026092215074835700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7520","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo01094e","article-title":"Garlic-Derived Exosome-like Nanovesicles Alleviate Dextran Sulphate Sodium-Induced Mouse Colitis via the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Pathway and Gut Microbiota Modulation","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116186","article-title":"Cutting-Edge Insights into the Mechanistic Understanding of Plant-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles: Implications for Intestinal Homeostasis","volume":"208","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"issue":"7866","key":"2026092215074835700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03624-x","article-title":"Obesity Accelerates Hair Thinning by Stem Cell-Centric Converging Mechanisms","volume":"595","author":"Morinaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201806_15285","article-title":"Serenoa repens Extracts Promote Hair Regeneration and Repair of Hair Loss Mouse Models by Activating TGF-\u03b2 and Mitochondrial Signaling Pathway","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2020.1759654","article-title":"Hair Growth Potential of Salvia plebeia Extract and Its Associated Mechanisms","volume":"58","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092215074835700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091505","article-title":"Hair Regenerative Mechanisms of Red Ginseng Oil and Its Major Components in the Testosterone-Induced Delay of Anagen Entry in C57BL\/6 Mice","volume":"22","author":"Truong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8498","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051070y","article-title":"Effects of Population, Age, and Cultivation Methods on Ginsenoside Content of Wild American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)","volume":"53","author":"Lim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092215074835700_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/s0923-1811(02)00060-9","article-title":"The Hair Growth Promoting Effect of Sophora flavescens Extract and Its Molecular Regulation","volume":"30","author":"Roh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"2026092215074835700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-9","article-title":"Hair Growth-Promoting Activity of Hot Water Extract of Thuja orientalis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Bio Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsabm.6c01060","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article-pdf\/9\/17\/8272\/67328249\/mt-2026-01060u.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article-pdf\/9\/17\/8272\/67328249\/mt-2026-01060u.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:12:11Z","timestamp":1790104331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aabmcb\/article\/9\/17\/8272\/5321780\/Leek-Derived-Exosome-like-Nanoparticles-Inhibit"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsabm.6c01060","relation":{},"ISSN":["2576-6422"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2576-6422","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}