{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:07:50Z","timestamp":1788772070665,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008628","name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5(1) 2017-NANO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5(1) 2017-NANO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/NM\/NNetRA\/2018(G)-IITD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/NM\/NNetRA\/2018(G)-IITD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004541","name":"Ministry of Education, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DNA methylation of the glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) promoter is a widely studied epigenetic biomarker for prostate cancer; however, its direct detection in genomic DNA remains analytically challenging without complex chemical or amplification-based workflows. Here, we report a nucleic acid-based radial flow assay (NABRFA) that enables visual and pattern-based detection of gene-specific DNA methylation using gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-conjugated oligonucleotide probes. Thiol-modified single-stranded DNA probes targeting the GSTP1 CpG island (5\u2032ThG) were conjugated to AuNPs to form stable probe-nanoparticle constructs that retain colloidal stability under high ionic strength conditions (0.5 M NaCl). Upon hybridization with methylation-protected GSTP1 DNA, the resulting AuNP-DNA complexes exhibit hybridization-dependent modulation of transport and retention on a porous nylon membrane, generating characteristic concentric radial patterns. These patterns arise from spatial separation between retained hybridized complexes and outwardly transported unbound probe-functionalized nanoparticles, enabling direct visual discrimination of target presence. The assay demonstrated concentration-dependent pattern evolution, with visual detection achievable down to 1 ng of target DNA and an analytically determined limit of detection of approximately 32 ng, based on image-derived gray value analysis. The human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, known for GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation, was used as the test model for assay validation. Comparative analysis using methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme-treated native genomic DNA from the human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line (non-prostate cancer, GSTP1 methylation-negative control) and the human lung fibroblast WI-38 cell line (non-cancerous, GSTP1 methylation-negative control) confirmed assay specificity. By coupling sequence-specific hybridization with transport-mediated nanoparticle pattern formation, NABRFA provides a label-free and conversion-free analytical strategy for detection of methylation-protected GSTP1 DNA using minimal instrumentation. This work establishes a proof-of-concept membrane-based, transport-driven sensing approach for epigenetic biomarker detection and highlights its potential for integration into simplified molecular diagnostic workflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.6c01160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T09:58:19Z","timestamp":1787392699000},"page":"8330-8344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-Cost Nucleic-Acid-Based Radial Flow Assay for the Detection of GSTP1 Promoter DNA Methylation in Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Debashree","family":"Kar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , , Hauz Khas , ,","place":["New Delhi, India, 110016"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9947-0496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prashant","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , , Hauz Khas , ,","place":["New Delhi, India, 110016"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10437","key":"2026090701073706600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00651-2","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on Prostate Cancer: Planning for the Surge in Cases","volume":"403","author":"James","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2026090701073706600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/freae.2024.1430294","article-title":"Advancements in the Clinical Application of Gene Methylation for Early Cancer Detection","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090701073706600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.7b00899","article-title":"Exciton\u2013Plasmon Interaction between AuNPs\/Graphene Nanohybrids and CdS Quantum Dots\/TiO2 for Photoelectrochemical Aptasensing of Prostate-Specific Antigen","volume":"3","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"issue":"02","key":"2026090701073706600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4149\/BLL_2015_014","article-title":"The Investigation of GSTP1, APC, and RASSF1 Gene Promoter Hypermethylation in Urine DNA of Prostate-Diseased Patients","volume":"116","author":"Haluskova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bratisl. Med. 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