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In this work, MXene\/MoS2 @M.bvs photoactive live bacteria were developed. NIR irradiation elevates the oxygen level, induces the photothermal effect, interferes with the Ado A2A receptor (Adenosine A2AR) metabolic pathway, and triggers cancer immunotherapy. An acid-etched MXene sheet was fabricated from the MAX phase; exfoliated MoS2 was composited with a thin MXene sheet to form self-assembled MXene\/MoS2. Nanocomposites were conjugated to Mycobacterium bovis (M.bvs) through a carbodiimide reaction, and they formed a stable rod shape, as confirmed through HRTEM analysis. The in vitro catalytic effect of MXene\/MoS2@M.bvs toward H2O2 was evaluated, and a reduction of the Ado level was observed by downregulation of A2AR expression. Nanocomposites not only improved the photothermal effect but also were directly involved in the immune stimulation. The level of cytokine production and cytotoxic T-cell activation was higher for MXene\/MoS2@M.bvs compared to the MXene\/MoS2. In vivo studies showed that MXene\/MoS2@M.bvs + NIR exhibited higher antitumor activity, longer survival time, biosafety, and inhibition of tumor growth. It also promotes DC maturation, increases TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6, and induces a potent antitumor immune response. Overall, the photoactive live bacterial nanocomposites effectively enhance the synergistic effect of photothermal cancer immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.6c01194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:03:44Z","timestamp":1790006624000},"page":"9158-9172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineering a Photoactive Live Bacterial Hybrid: MXene\/MoS2@\n                    <i>M.bvs<\/i>\n                    for Oxygenation-Boosted Cancer Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ammavasi Chandran","family":"Ambigaibalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Madras , , Guindy Campus , , ,","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-0064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sivaraj","family":"Mehnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University , , , ,","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 602105"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannaiyakumar","family":"Dharshini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Madras , , Guindy Campus , , ,","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arivalagan","family":"Ponbharathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Madras , , Guindy Campus , , ,","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chithaiyan Kamaladevi","family":"Sowndharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Madras , , Guindy Campus , , ,","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9727-2154","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Murugaraj","family":"Jeyaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Madras , , Guindy Campus , , ,","place":["Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, 600025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100503070189800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00908-9","article-title":"Exploiting Bacteria for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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