{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:40:37Z","timestamp":1792446037031,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000897","name":"Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SINGH24R0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SINGH24R0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000897","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019512","name":"University of New Haven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019512","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","award":["1847019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1847019"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","award":["2418289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2418289"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biofilm accumulation on polymeric surfaces remains a persistent challenge in biomedical, industrial, and environmental systems. Here, we report an enzyme-responsive antifouling surface that integrates particle-generated topography with biologically activated surface renewal. Microparticles of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and the chitinase-responsive polymer PHEVD were generated by mechanical abrasion and embedded into poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to create polymer-composite surfaces with three-dimensionally distributed microparticles. PET served as a nonenzyme-responsive control while PHEVD provided an enzyme-degradable phase designed to respond to bacterial activity. Particle-containing PDMS surfaces significantly reduced 24 h Escherichia coli RP437\/pRSH109 biofilm biomass, with 2000-grit PHEVD surfaces producing the strongest inhibition and reducing biomass by 86 \u00b1 3% relative to flat PDMS. In contrast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm biomass after 24 h was not significantly reduced by either PET- or PHEVD-containing surfaces, indicating species-dependent early\u2013stage antibiofilm behavior. However, after 7 days, PHEVD-containing surfaces significantly reduced mature PAO1 biofilm biomass. Under static culture, 600- and 2000-grit PHEVD surfaces reduced PAO1 biomass by 60.0 \u00b1 5.5% and 71.0 \u00b1 13.4%, respectively. Under shaking culture at 200 rpm, 600-grit PHEVD reduced retained PAO1 biomass by 93.6 \u00b1 0.03% compared with flat PDMS and by 93.1 \u00b1 0.03% compared with 600-grit PET. These results suggest that PHEVD-containing surfaces do not primarily prevent early PAO1 attachment but instead promote mature biofilm destabilization and removal. The observed 7-day PAO1 reduction is consistent with a coupled mechanism in which mechanical disturbance exposes PHEVD-rich domains, enabling PAO1-associated enzymatic activity to degrade the exposed PHEVD phase and weaken the biofilm\u2013surface interface. This work establishes a facile strategy for designing biologically activated antifouling surfaces that convert microbial enzymatic activity into a trigger for prolonged biofilm control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.6c01491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:02:40Z","timestamp":1792443760000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of Smart Antifouling Surfaces Using Enzyme-Responsive Surface Topographies"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"given":"Sneh","family":"Dagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven , , , ,","place":["West Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06516"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7933-3769","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven , , , ,","place":["West Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06516"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7300-6997","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tagliatela College of Engineering, University of New Haven , , , ,","place":["West Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06516"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026101917023316000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292647","article-title":"Transforming Medical Device Biofilm Control with Surface Treatment Using Microfabrication Techniques","volume":"18","author":"Al Bataineh","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026101917023316000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhs.2025.100045","article-title":"Advanced Anti-Biofilm Technologies for Biomedical Devices: Integrating Nanomaterials, AI, and Stimuli-Responsive Therapeutics","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intell. 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