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Li+ doping not only increases the crystallite size but also enhances the luminescence intensity by 60 times. Upon excitation with a 980 nm laser, it produces a super-bright green emission. Highly water-dispersible nanoparticles are obtained by a two-step ligand exchange method with five different capping agents, which have their own characteristic features in biomedical applications. HCl-washed NaYF4:2 at % Ho3+, 20 at % Yb3+, 10 at % Li+ (YHYL-10-HCl) nanoparticles exhibit high biocompatibility in the WI-26 normal human cell line and can therefore be utilized for ex vivo imaging, anticounterfeiting, and noncontact-based optical temperature sensors under NIR excitation. After chitosan coating, YHYL-10-chitosan nanoparticles demonstrate enhanced biocompatibility in the MCF-7 cancer cell line, as well as impressive hemocompatibility in human blood. Hence, chitosan-coated YHY, YHYL-2, and YHYL-10 nanoparticles are subsequently evaluated for multiphoton in vitro imaging, including Z-stack 3D imaging, suggesting internalization of chitosan-coated nanoparticles in MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines under 980 nm laser excitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.6c01510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:02:43Z","timestamp":1789574563000},"page":"9234-9247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling Lithium Doping-Driven Morphological and Optical Modulation in Highly Water-Dispersible NaYF4:Ho,Yb Upconversion Nanoparticles for Super-Bright Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1680-2753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruchi","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , , ,","place":["Mumbai, India, 400085"]},{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar , ,","place":["Mumbai, India, 400094"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep K.","family":"Agarwalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar , ,","place":["Mumbai, India, 400094"]},{"name":"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , , ,","place":["Mumbai, India, 400085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-8028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandeep Balu","family":"Shelar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , , ,","place":["Mumbai, India, 400085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manas","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , , ,","place":["Mumbai, India, 400085"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4642-5990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raghumani Singh","family":"Ningthoujam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , , ,","place":["Mumbai, India, 400085"]},{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar , ,","place":["Mumbai, India, 400094"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026100503071574500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04813-5","article-title":"Advances in Highly Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100503071574500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00871-z","article-title":"Nanocomposites Based on Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles: Diverse Designs and Applications","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026100503071574500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6426","DOI":"10.1021\/ja060212h","article-title":"High-Quality Sodium Rare-Earth Fluoride Nanocrystals: Controlled Synthesis and Optical Properties","volume":"128","author":"Mai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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