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The dye, when activated with white light, interacts with the AuNRs to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which kill bacteria. With a proper control of the aspect ratio (2.1\u20132.4) and coating of the AuNRs, the film can be tuned to reduce the bacteria population of one to four orders of magnitude (1-log to 4-log) under 11 klux of light, for an exposure to light between 1 to 3 h. Particularly it could reduce 104 cfu\/cm2 to the level of 1\u20135 cfu\/cm2 in 3 h of light exposure. This was a desired performance for use on hospital surfaces. In addition, the system showed antimicrobial effect only when exposed to light, which eliminated the concern for a cumulative toxic effect on subjects exposed to the material for a long period of time and limited the time given to the bacteria to develop resistance against the system. Furthermore, this process of sterilization could be carried out by a commercially available white light lamp, which when in use did not interrupt the normal routine operation of the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.9b00343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1557795311000},"page":"3059-3067","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Gold Nanorods Embedded in Polymeric Film for Killing\nBacteria by Generating Reactive Oxygen Species with Light"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , , Gower Street , ,","place":["London, U.K., WC1E 6BT"]},{"name":"Royal Institution of Great Britain , , 21 Albermarle Street , ,","place":["London, U.K., W1S 4BS"]},{"name":"A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , , 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #8-03 , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 138634"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4131-5952","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nguye\u0302\u0303n T. 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