{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:02:59Z","timestamp":1791378179648,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"48","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccbyncnd_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003958","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Dutch Polymer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Tepha, Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Knitted polypropylene (PP) implants for the correction of pelvic organ prolapse have been associated with complications such as vaginal exposure, infection, and pain. Since certain complications may be linked to bacterial contamination and persistent inflammation, there is a rationale to develop a biocompatible implant that is less prone to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Delayed absorbable materials could meet these requirements and poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) might be such a new material for future pelvic floor implants. We studied in vitro bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on P4HB in comparison to PP. We investigated the influence of both polymers using flat films and compared P4HB and PP implants with different knitting designs. P4HB flat films were demonstrated to be hydrophilic with significantly less Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli cultured from P4HB films than from hydrophobic PP films after 24 h of incubation. On the implants, a higher number of E. coli were cultured after 1 h of incubation from the knitted P4HB implant with the highest density and smallest pore size, compared to other P4HB and PP implants. No differences were observed between the implants for E. coli at later time points or for S. aureus incubation. These results show that in flat films, the polymer influences biofilm formation, demonstrated by a reduced biofilm formation on P4HB compared with PP flat films. In addition, the knitting design may affect bacterial adhesion. Despite certain design and material characteristics that give the knitted P4HB implants a higher surface area, this did not result in more bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation overall. Collectively, these results warrant further (pre)clinical investigations of P4HB pelvic floor implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c14668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T16:20:22Z","timestamp":1605802822000},"page":"53646-53653","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["In\nVitro Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation\non Fully Absorbable Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate and Nonabsorbable Polypropylene\nPelvic Floor Implants"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9583-6657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kim W. J.","family":"Verhorstert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam , , Meibergdreef 9 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1105 AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeliha","family":"Guler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam , , Meibergdreef 9 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1105 AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam , , Meibergdreef 9 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1105 AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5444-3179","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martijn","family":"Riool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam , , Meibergdreef 9 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1105 AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-Paul W. R.","family":"Roovers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam , , Meibergdreef 9 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1105 AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9589-186X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian A. J.","family":"Zaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam , , Meibergdreef 9 , ,","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1105 AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00058-6","article-title":"Epidemiology\nof Surgically Managed Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence","volume":"89","author":"Olsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181f73729","article-title":"Lifetime Risk of Undergoing\nSurgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse","volume":"116","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.01.051","article-title":"Reoperation 10 Years\nAfter Surgically Managed Pelvic\nOrgan Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence","volume":"198","author":"Denman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am.\nJ. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/968087","article-title":"Biomaterials\nfor Pelvic Floor Reconstructive\nSurgery: How Can We Do Better?","volume":"2015","author":"Gigliobianco","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res.\nInt."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd012079","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012079","article-title":"Transvaginal\nMesh or Grafts Compared\nwith Native Tissue Repair for Vaginal Prolapse","volume":"2","author":"Maher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2010.02.011","article-title":"Comparable\nResults with 3-year Follow-up for Large-pore\nversus Small-pore Meshes in Open Incisional Hernia Repair","volume":"148","author":"Berrevoet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1718-y","article-title":"Polypropylene Mesh and the Host Response","volume":"23","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3029-1","article-title":"In Vivo Response to\nPolypropylene Following Implantation in Animal Models: a Review of\nBiocompatibility","volume":"28","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.002","article-title":"Characterization\nof the Host Inflammatory Response\nFollowing Implantation of Prolapse Mesh in Rhesus Macaque","volume":"213","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.08.008","article-title":"Impact of Prolapse Meshes on the Metabolism of Vaginal\nExtracellular Matrix in Rhesus Macaque","volume":"212","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am.\nJ. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2018.07.024","article-title":"Assessment\nof Electrospun\nand Ultra-lightweight Polypropylene Meshes in the Sheep Model for\nVaginal Surgery","volume":"6","author":"Hympa\u0301nova\u0301","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2019.101674","article-title":"Transvaginal Treatment of Anterior\nand Apical Genital\nProlapse Using Restorelle\u00ae Direct Fix: An Observational Study\nof Medium-term Complications and Outcomes","volume":"49","author":"Gauthier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\nGynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit13","unstructured":"FDA Urogynecologic Surgical\nMesh Implants.  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J."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1245-7","article-title":"Correlation\nBetween Shrinkage and\nInfection of Implanted Synthetic Meshes Using an Animal Model of Mesh\nInfection","volume":"22","author":"Mamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-007-0537-z","article-title":"Bacteriological Analysis\nof Meshes\nRemoved for Complications After Surgical Management of Urinary Incontinence\nor Pelvic Organ Prolapse","volume":"19","author":"Boulanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J.\nPelvic Floor Dysfunct."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000246","article-title":"The Role\nof Chronic Mesh Infection in Delayed-Onset\nVaginal Mesh Complications or Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections:\nResults From Explanted Mesh Cultures","volume":"22","author":"Mellano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Female\nPelvic Med. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit19","unstructured":"Scientific\nCommittee\non Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR). Opinion on\nthe Safety of Surgical Meshes Used in Urogynecological Surgery Scientific\nCommittees: 3 December 2015, 2015."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0005-y","article-title":"The Use\nof Porcine Small Intestinal\nSubmucosa As a Prosthetic Material for Laparoscopic Hernia Repair\nin Infected and Potentially Contaminated Fields: Long-term Follow-up","volume":"22","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2007.044","article-title":"Acellular Dermal Matrix Compared\nwith Synthetic Implant Material for Repair of Ventral Hernia in the\nSetting of Peri-operative Staphylococcus Aureus Implant Contamination:\na Rabbit Model","volume":"9","author":"Milburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Infect. 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Endosc."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/238067","article-title":"Characterization\nof the Mechanical Strength, Resorption\nProperties, and Histologic Characteristics of a Fully Absorbable Material\n(Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate-PHASIX Mesh) in a Porcine Model of Hernia\nRepair","volume":"2013","author":"Deeken","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Surgery"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2013-0009","article-title":"Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB): a\nNew Generation of Resorbable Medical Devices for Tissue Repair and\nRegeneration","volume":"58","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech. (Berl)"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-017-5886-1","article-title":"Prospective Evaluation\nof Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate Mesh in CDC Class I\/high-risk Ventral and\nIncisional Hernia Repair: 18-month Follow-up","volume":"32","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.03.044","article-title":"Characterization\nof Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate\nMesh for Hernia Repair Applications","volume":"184","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg.\nRes."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440300025515","article-title":"Bacterial Colony Counts\nDuring Vaginal Surgery","volume":"11","author":"Culligan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet.\nGynecol."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0951-5","article-title":"Bacterial Colonisation of Collagen-coated\nPolypropylene Vaginal Mesh: Are Additional Intraoperative Sterility\nProcedures Useful?","volume":"20","author":"Vollebregt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J. Pelvic\nFloor Dysfunct."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.08.087","article-title":"Charge Properties\nand Bacterial Contact-killing of Hyperbranched Polyurea-polyethyleneimine\nCoatings with Various Degrees of Alkylation","volume":"356","author":"Roest","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1021\/jz402762h","article-title":"Definitions\nfor Hydrophilicity, Hydrophobicity, and Superhydrophobicity: Getting\nthe Basics Right","volume":"5","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20452","article-title":"Quantitative Mouse\nModel of Implant-associated Osteomyelitis and the Kinetics of Microbial\nGrowth, Osteolysis, and Humoral Immunity","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\nOrthop. Res."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v033a11","article-title":"A Chlorhexidine-releasing\nEpoxy-based Coating on Titanium Implants Prevents Staphylococcus Aureus\nExperimental Biomaterial-associated Infection","volume":"33","author":"Riool","year":"2107","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1771-1776.1999","article-title":"The Calgary Biofilm\nDevice: New Technology for Rapid Determination\nof Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"37","author":"Ceri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.6154","article-title":"Morphological Aspects\nof Surgical Meshes as a Risk Factor for Bacterial Colonization","volume":"95","author":"Engelsman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181b61d9a","article-title":"In Vivo\nEvaluation of Bacterial Infection Involving Morphologically Different\nSurgical Meshes","volume":"251","author":"Engelsman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35277","article-title":"Escherichia\nColi Adhesion, Biofilm Development and Antibiotic Susceptibility on\nBiomedical Materials","volume":"103","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. 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Res."},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02426382","article-title":"Classification\nof Biomaterials and Their Related Complications in Abdominal Wall\nHernia Surgery","volume":"1","author":"Amid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12098","article-title":"Application of Tissue Engineering\nto Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Stress Urinary Incontinence","volume":"7","author":"Chapple","year":"2015","journal-title":"Low Urin Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11467","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b19440","article-title":"Colonization of Electrospun Polycaprolactone\nFibers by Relevant Pathogenic Bacterial Strains","volume":"10","author":"Rumbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. 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Notes"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0377","article-title":"4-Hydroxybutyrate Promotes Endogenous Antimicrobial\nPeptide Expression in Macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Pineda Molina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng.\nPart A"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.07.044","article-title":"Infection\nResistance of Degradable versus Non-degradable Biomaterials: an Assessment\nof the Potential Mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Daghighi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026090212184467300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111702","article-title":"Fully absorbable poly-4-hydroxybutyrate\nimplants exhibit\nmore favorable cell-matrix interactions than polypropylene","author":"Diedrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.0c14668","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/12\/48\/53646\/66929909\/acsami.0c14668.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/12\/48\/53646\/66929909\/acsami.0c14668.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:18:52Z","timestamp":1788365932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/12\/48\/53646\/587985\/In-Vitro-Bacterial-Adhesion-and-Biofilm-Formation"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"48","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.0c14668","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]}}}