{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:09:43Z","timestamp":1793124583357,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602374400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602374400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602374400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR 1501324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR 1501324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The vulcanization of rubber is a chemical process to improve the mechanical properties by cross-linking unsaturated polymer chains. Zinc oxide (ZnO) acts as an activator, boosting the rubbers\u2019 sulfur vulcanization. Maintaining the level of ZnO content in the rubber compounds as low as possible is desirable, not only for economic reasons but also to reduce the environmental footprint of the process. In this contribution, octylamine (OA) capped ZnO nanoparticles (5 nm diameter), prepared through a thermal decomposition method, were demonstrated to be efficient activators for the sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber, enabling the reduction of the required amount of ZnO as compared to commercial systems. The effect of different ZnO activators (OA capped ZnO\/commercial indirect process ZnO) on the curing characteristics, cross-linking densities, and mechanical performance, as well as the thermal behavior of rubber compounds, were investigated. Compared to the commercial indirect process ZnO, OA capped ZnO nanoparticles not only effectively enhanced the curing efficiency of natural rubber but also improved the mechanical performance of the composites after vulcanization. This was interpreted as, by applying the OA capped ZnO nanoparticles, the ZnO levels in rubber compounding were significantly reduced under the industrial vulcanization condition (151 \u00b0C, 30 min).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c15114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]],"date-time":"2020-10-11T15:09:00Z","timestamp":1602428940000},"page":"48007-48015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Enhancing\nthe\nPerformance of Rubber with Nano ZnO as Activators"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , 4400 Fifth Avenue , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoshu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganggang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiadong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , 5000 Forbes Avenue , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , 4400 Fifth Avenue , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9471-8202","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tianwei","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9046-9539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Bockstaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , 5000 Forbes Avenue , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-6294","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liqun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]},{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-3402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Matyjaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University , , 4400 Fifth Avenue , , ,","place":["Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, 15213"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026081714170585700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1021\/ie403619b","article-title":"Rubber Polymers for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"53","author":"Suksaeree","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. 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Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081714170585700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.08.004","article-title":"Comparative\nEco-Toxicity of Nanoscale\nTio2, Sio2, and Zno Water Suspensions","volume":"40","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081714170585700_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800511k","article-title":"Comparison of the Mechanism of Toxicity of Zinc Oxide\nand Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Based on Dissolution and Oxidative\nStress Properties","volume":"2","author":"Xia","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081714170585700_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8484","DOI":"10.1021\/es071445r","article-title":"Comparative\nToxicity of Nanoparticulate Zno, Bulk Zno, and Zncl2 to a Freshwater\nMicroalga (Pseudokirchneriella Subcapitata): The Importance of Particle\nSolubility","volume":"41","author":"Franklin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026081714170585700_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.1021\/es034631f","article-title":"Tire-Wear\nParticles as a Source of Zinc to the Environment","volume":"38","author":"Councell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081714170585700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12856","DOI":"10.1021\/es3024379","article-title":"Zinc Leaching\nfrom Tire Crumb Rubber","volume":"46","author":"Rhodes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026081714170585700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1021\/es025567p","article-title":"Fate and Effect of\nZinc from Tire Debris in Soil","volume":"36","author":"Smolders","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. 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