{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:14:31Z","timestamp":1788516871990,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]],"date-time":"2015-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT103913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT103913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/J008656\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/J008656\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Atomic Energy Commission of Syria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this study, we propose an organic solvent-free, one-step mechanochemistry approach to engineer water-dispersible graphene oxide\/superparamagnetic iron oxide (GO\/SPIOs) hybrids, for biomedical applications. Although mechanochemistry has been proposed in the graphene field for applications such as drug loading, exfoliation or polymer-composite formation, this is the first study to report mechanochemistry for preparation of GO\/SPIOs hybrids. The statistical design of experiment (DoE) was employed to control the process parameters. DoE has been used to control formulation processes of other types of nanomaterials. The implementation of DoE for controlling the formulation processes of graphene-based nanomaterials is, however, novel. DoE approach could be of advantage as one can tailor GO-based hybrids of predicted yields and compositions. Hybrids were characterized by TEM, AFM FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and TGA. The dose\u2013response magnetic resonance (MR) properties were confirmed by MR imaging of phantoms. The biocompatibility of the hybrids with A549 and J774 cell lines was confirmed by the modified LDH assay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b03577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T12:30:24Z","timestamp":1435062624000},"page":"14176-14181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Organic\nSolvent-Free, One-Step Engineering of Graphene-Based Magnetic-Responsive\nHybrids Using Design of Experiment-Driven Mechanochemistry"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kuo-Ching","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukuang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houmam","family":"Kafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Protti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence , , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom, SE5 9NU"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Hider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khuloud T.","family":"Al-Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London , , Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street , ,","place":["London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.837","article-title":"Nobel Lecture:\nGraphene: Materials in the Flatland","volume":"83","author":"Novoselov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. 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Rev."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35342C","article-title":"Nano-Graphene\nin Biomedicine: Theranostic Applications","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.\nSoc. Rev."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201104964","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy Using Functionalized\nGraphene Nanosheets Anchored with Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-012-0200-y","article-title":"A Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Iron\nOxide Nanocomposite for Magnetically Targeted Drug Delivery, Photothermal\nTherapy, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano\nRes."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5805(08)60044-X","article-title":"In Situ Synthesis of\nGraphene Oxide and Its Composites with Iron Oxide","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Carbon Materials"},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23749","DOI":"10.1021\/jp307623h","article-title":"A Facile\nRoute to Coat Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Few-Layer Graphene","volume":"116","author":"Mendes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01810","article-title":"Facile, Scalable\nSynthesis of Edge-Halogenated Graphene Nanoplatelets as Efficient\nMetal-Free Eletrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction","volume":"3","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.200400281","article-title":"Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties\nof Phenylethynyl-Terminated Polyimide Composites Reinforced with Expanded\nGraphite Nanoplatelets","volume":"290","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8626","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm10819k","article-title":"One-Step in Situ Ball Milling Synthesis of Polymer-Functionalized\nGraphene Nanocomposites","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.22001","article-title":"Filler Exfoliation and Dispersion in Polypropylene\/as-Received\nGraphite Nanocomposites via Cryogenic Milling","volume":"51","author":"Hubert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2011.12.010","article-title":"Composites Science\nand Technology","volume":"72","author":"Raza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2012.02.006","article-title":"Chemical Physics Letters","volume":"531","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.167","article-title":"Activating Catalysts with Mechanical\nForce","volume":"1","author":"Piermattei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Chem."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1999.10474445","article-title":"One-Factor-at-a-Time Versus Designed Experiments","volume":"53","author":"Czitrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Statistician"},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.07.012","article-title":"A Quality by Design (QbD) Case Study on Liposomes Containing\nHydrophilic API: I. Formulation, Processing Design and Risk Assessment","volume":"419","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.11.036","article-title":"A Quality by Design (QbD) Case Study on Liposomes Containing\nHydrophilic API: II. Screening of Critical Variables, and Establishment\nof Design Space at Laboratory Scale","volume":"423","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J.\nPharm."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit38","first-page":"1","article-title":"QbD Approach to Investigate Product and Process Variabilities\nfor Brain Targeting Liposomes","author":"Kamal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2009.05.006","article-title":"Quality by Design Approach to Understand\nthe Process of Nanosuspension Preparation","volume":"377","author":"Verma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Pharm."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2010.05.003","article-title":"Non-Destructive\nMethods of Characterization of Risperidone Solid Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"76","author":"Rahman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit41","volume-title":"Statistics for Experimenters:\nDesign, Innovation, and Discovery","author":"Box","year":"2005","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8990","DOI":"10.1021\/la201652h","article-title":"Water-Soluble Iron Oxide Nanoparticles\nwith High Stability and Selective Surface Functionality","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2011.11.065","article-title":"Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Studies on Iron Oxide\nMagnetic Nano-Particles and Their Surface Modifications","volume":"324","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-052-2_19","article-title":"Cytotoxic\nAssessment of Carbon Nanotube Interaction with Cell Cultures","volume-title":"Biomedical Nanotechnology","author":"Ali-Boucetta","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/nano.v1i0.5358","article-title":"Potential Toxicity\nof Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPION)","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Rev."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1021\/tx400385x","article-title":"Nanotoxicity\nof Graphene and Graphene Oxide","volume":"27","author":"Seabra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.36","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Properties\nof Superparamagnetic Particles","volume":"1","author":"Gossuin","year":"2009","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed.\nNanobiotechnol."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50464","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA09657F","article-title":"Safety Evaluation of Graphene Oxide-Based\nMagnetic Nanocomposites as MRI Contrast Agents and Drug Delivery Vehicles","volume":"4","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7151","DOI":"10.1021\/nn101643u","article-title":"Effects of Nanoparticle Size on Cellular Uptake and Liver MRI with\nPolyvinylpyrrolidone-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11015","DOI":"10.1021\/ja104503g","article-title":"Self-Confirming \u201cand\u201d Logic Nanoparticles for Fault-Free\nMRI","volume":"132","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090310250327700_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-007-9511-1","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Quality by Design:\nProduct and Process Development, Understanding, and Control","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.5b03577","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/7\/26\/14176\/67265935\/acsami.5b03577.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/7\/26\/14176\/67265935\/acsami.5b03577.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:51:37Z","timestamp":1788447097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/7\/26\/14176\/1276734\/Organic-Solvent-Free-One-Step-Engineering-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.5b03577","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]}}}