{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:32:10Z","timestamp":1791502330793,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f?r Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03SF0613A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03SF0613A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020.0187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.0187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022.0034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.0034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Poly(arylene piperidinium) (PAP) polymers have emerged as promising candidates for applications as anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and have seen some commercial use in the form of PiperION by Versogen; however, PiperION contains fluorinated units to balance its ionic content. Fluorine-free variants are environmentally more friendly alternatives as recycling is facilitated. Herein, we report a series of four fluorine-free PAP membranes that are mechanically robust and feature moderate water uptake yet high ionic conductivity. p-Quaterphenyl (pQP) is copolymerized with either m- or p-terphenyl (m\/pTP) and N-methyl-4-piperidone under superacid-catalyzed polyhydroxyalkylation conditions. The molar ratios of the reactants are adjusted to maintain a balance of solubility and flexibility of the polymers and to reach ion exchange capacities between 2.53 and 2.66 mequiv g\u20131. The polymers exhibit thermal stability of Td,95 &amp;gt; 260 \u00b0C, Young\u2019s moduli between 0.7 and 1.0 GPa, and ultimate tensile stresses of 50\u201360 MPa in the dry state. Additionally, under submersion tensile deformation, the Young\u2019s moduli and ultimate tensile stresses are in the range 200\u2013320 MPa and 15\u201322 MPa, respectively. The sample with an equimolar ratio of pQP and mTP was found to exhibit a robust nature with elongation up to 170% when subjected to submersion tensile deformation, thus showing attractive mechanical properties under relevant working conditions. Wet membranes show an ionomer SAXS peak in the range of 5 nm, suggesting clustering of water and ionic parts of the chain. High hydroxide conductivity of up to 197 mS cm\u20131 at 80 \u00b0C is observed. Such behavior is promising considering their water uptake of 85% at 80 \u00b0C as an upper limit, resulting in moderate areal and through-plane swellings of 100% and 55%, respectively. The results demonstrate that fluorine-free PAPs can be tuned to match important criteria of AEMs, including low water uptake, high dimensional and alkaline stability, and high hydroxide conductivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c08476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T14:50:31Z","timestamp":1752159031000},"page":"41978-41990","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Kinking\nMatters:\n                    <i>meta<\/i>\n                    -Terphenyl Improves\nHydroxide Conductivity of Mechanically Robust Fluorine-Free Poly(arylene\npiperidinium) Copolymers for Anion Exchange Membranes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kajari","family":"Mazumder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Chemnitz, Professur Polymerchemie , , Stra\u00dfe der Nationen 62 , ,","place":["Chemnitz, Germany, 09111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3799-346X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannes","family":"Nederstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Chemnitz, Professur Polymerchemie , , Stra\u00dfe der Nationen 62 , ,","place":["Chemnitz, Germany, 09111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Chemnitz, Professur Polymerchemie , , Stra\u00dfe der Nationen 62 , ,","place":["Chemnitz, Germany, 09111"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Haraguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology , , ,","place":["Go\u0308teborg, Sweden, 41296"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Neubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 29 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0762-6095","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Felix A.","family":"Plamper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Leipziger Stra\u00dfe 29 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]},{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Winklerstr. 5 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]},{"name":"TU Bergakademie Freiberg , , Winklerstr. 5 , ,","place":["Freiberg, Germany, 09599"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7859-7909","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"Mu\u0308ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology , , ,","place":["Go\u0308teborg, Sweden, 41296"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2377-5998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Chemnitz, Professur Polymerchemie , , Stra\u00dfe der Nationen 62 , ,","place":["Chemnitz, Germany, 09111"]},{"name":"TU Chemnitz , , Rosenbergstra\u00dfe 6 , ,","place":["Chemnitz, Germany, 09126"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026072521075832600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00164-0","article-title":"Water Electrolysis","volume":"2","author":"Shih","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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Energy"},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2024.118134","article-title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of Anion\nExchange Membrane Electrolysis Process for Green Hydrogen Production\nunder Uncertainty","volume":"302","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"issue":"63","key":"2026072521075832600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.06.191","article-title":"Recent Development\nin Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production through Water Electrolysis","volume":"46","author":"Anwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072521075832600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2017.11","article-title":"Fluorine-Free Sulfonated\nAromatic Polymers as Proton\nExchange Membranes","volume":"49","author":"Miyake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2023.232791","article-title":"Sulfonated Poly(Phenylene Sulfone) Blend Membranes\nFinding Their Way into Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","volume":"563","author":"Yazili","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201903995","article-title":"All-Hydrocarbon MEA\nfor PEM Water Electrolysis Combining Low Hydrogen Crossover and High\nEfficiency","author":"Klose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-024-03964-y","article-title":"A Review of Advancements\nin Commercial and Non-Commercial Nafion-Based\nProton Exchange Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells","author":"Asghar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026072521075832600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116001","article-title":"Unique Self-Phosphorylating\nPolybenzimidazole of the 6F Family for HT-PEM Fuel Cell Application","volume":"25","author":"Ponomarev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2022.232473","article-title":"Fluorinated\nPolybenzimidazole as Binders for High-Temperature Proton Exchange\nMembrane Fuel Cells","volume":"556","author":"Chao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.07.117","article-title":"Review\nof Cell Performance in Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","volume":"375","author":"Dekel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10292-z","article-title":"Poly(Bis-Arylimidazoliums)\nPossessing\nHigh Hydroxide Ion Exchange Capacity and High Alkaline Stability","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026072521075832600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1039\/C8PY01618F","article-title":"Enhanced Water\nTransport in AEMs Based on Poly(Styrene-Ethylene-Butylene-Styrene)\nTriblock Copolymer for High Fuel Cell Performance","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202422504","article-title":"Isomeric Poly(Arylene\nPiperidinium) Electrolyte Membranes with High Alkaline Durability","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072521075832600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201403022","article-title":"Alkaline Stability of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for\nAlkaline Fuel Cell Membranes and Ionic Liquids","volume":"8","author":"Marino","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072521075832600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.9b02123","article-title":"Ether-Free Polybenzimidazole Bearing\nPendant Imidazolium Groups for Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel\nCells Application","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026072521075832600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6689","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.5b02557","article-title":"Mechanically Tough and Chemically\nStable Anion Exchange Membranes from Rigid-Flexible Semi-Interpenetrating\nNetworks","volume":"27","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026072521075832600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.02.209","article-title":"High Chemical\nStability Anion Exchange\nMembrane Based on Poly(Aryl Piperidinium): Effect of Monomer Configuration\non Membrane Properties","volume":"46","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026072521075832600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes10110329","article-title":"Poly(Meta\/Para-Terphenylene-Methyl\nPiperidinium)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes: The Effect of Backbone\nStructure in Aemfc Application","volume":"10","author":"Mayadevi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.05.044","article-title":"Tunable Multi-Cations-Crosslinked\nPoly(Arylene Piperidinium)-Based Alkaline Membranes with High Ion\nConductivity and Durability","volume":"588","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2022.121229","article-title":"Poly(Arylene Alkylene)s with Pendent\nBenzyl-Tethered Ammonium Cations for Anion Exchange Membranes","volume":"668","author":"Mansouri Bakvand","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072521075832600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c13801","article-title":"Dimensionally Stable Anion Exchange\nMembranes Based on Macromolecular-Cross-Linked Poly(Arylene Piperidinium)\nfor Water Electrolysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.01.161","article-title":"Durable and Conductive Anion Exchange\nMembranes Based on Poly(m-Triphenyl Carbazolyl Piperidinium) for Water\nElectrolysis","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026072521075832600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10738","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA09914D","article-title":"High-Strength, Ultra-Thin\nAnion Exchange Membranes with a Branched Structure toward Alkaline\nMembrane Fuel Cells","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149328","article-title":"Highly Conductive Alkoxy\nChain Cross-Linked Poly (Aryl Piperidinium)\nAnion Exchange Membrane for Water Electrolysis","volume":"483","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072521075832600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxener.2023.100075","article-title":"Highly Conductive Anion-Exchange Membrane Based on\nPoly(Acenaphthylenyl Aryl Piperidinium) \u03c0-\u03c0 Self-Assembly","volume":"1","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22612-3","article-title":"Poly(Fluorenyl Aryl\nPiperidinium) Membranes and Ionomers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel\nCells","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026072521075832600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3678","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TA10178A","article-title":"Di-Piperidinium-Crosslinked\nPoly(Fluorenyl-Co-Terphenyl\nPiperidinium)s for High-Performance Alkaline Exchange Membrane Fuel\nCells","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2024.122692","article-title":"Synthesis of Poly\nN-Aryl Piperidinium\nMembrane and Ionomer for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications","volume":"700","author":"Gokulapriyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202114892","article-title":"Branched Poly(Aryl\nPiperidinium) Membranes for Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. - Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.120109","article-title":"Impact\nof Side-Chains in Poly(Dibenzyl-Co-Terphenyl Piperidinium) Copolymers\nfor Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","volume":"644","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr.\nSci."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2022.120342","article-title":"Highly Stable Poly(p-Quaterphenylene\nAlkylene)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes","volume":"647","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\nMembr. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201702758","article-title":"Poly(Arylene Piperidinium) Hydroxide\nIon Exchange Membranes: Synthesis, Alkaline Stability, and Conductivity","author":"Olsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072521075832600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38350-7","article-title":"Upscaled Production of an Ultramicroporous\nAnion-Exchange Membrane Enables Long-Term Operation in Electrochemical\nEnergy Devices","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.01.036","article-title":"Tuning Poly(Arylene\nPiperidinium)\nAnion-Exchange Membranes by Copolymerization, Partial Quaternization\nand Crosslinking","volume":"578","author":"Olsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119966","article-title":"Soluble Poly(Aryl Piperidinium)\nwith Extended Aromatic Segments as Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline\nFuel Cells and Water Electrolysis","volume":"642","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr.\nSci."},{"key":"2026072521075832600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202402869","article-title":"Tuning the Performance of Poly(Quaterphenyl\nPiperidinium) Anion-Exchange Membranes by Monomer Configuration","author":"Bakvand","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026072521075832600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7826","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA06916H","article-title":"Meta-Kinks\nAre Key to Binder Performance of Poly(Arylene Piperidinium) Ionomers\nfor Alkaline Membrane Water Electrolysis Using Non-Noble Metal Catalysts","volume":"12","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"issue":"38","key":"2026072521075832600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14232","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.2c01722","article-title":"Anion Exchange Membranes Based on\nPoly(Aryl Piperidinium) Containing\nBoth Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Side Chains","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. 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