{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T14:02:56Z","timestamp":1785074576776,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"29","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002980","name":"Dalian University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUT24RC(3)040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT24RC(3)040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002980","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52475430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biological organisms exhibit remarkable capabilities to dynamically adjust their physiological states through autonomous neural perception and adaptive locomotion, offering profound inspiration for the development of intelligent bionic systems. Particularly, the locomotion mechanisms of aquatic species hold transformative potential for underwater exploration technologies. However, current technologies rely on centralized control architectures with slow response and weak predictive capabilities, restricting the creation of interactive platforms for the sensitive perception and recognition of the environment. Herein, we developed a biomimetic ultraelastic conductive film by encapsulating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) within a vulcanized natural latex (VNL) matrix, engineered to mimic the buoyancy regulation and mechanosensory functions of swim bladders while serving as a soft self-sensing actuator. The sandwich-structured film demonstrated exceptional deformation fidelity, enabling the precise detection of finger joint flexion with high angular resolution in both air and underwater environments through strain-responsive conductivity variations. Pressure-controlled vertical motion underwater with high positional accuracy was achieved by an autonomous trajectory correction via real-time environmental feedback. Notably, utilizing Faraday\u2019s law of electromagnetic induction, we established a motion-tracking system for accurately detecting the actuator\u2019s motion state, where actuator displacement generated quantifiable voltage signals. This synergistic integration of proprioceptive actuation and electromagnetic transduction significantly enhances the operational intelligence and functional versatility of soft robotics in marine applications, opening new avenues for ecological monitoring and adaptive underwater manipulation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c10218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T10:33:52Z","timestamp":1752575632000},"page":"42362-42371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bionic Pneumatic-Driven\nActuator for Underwater Sensing\nand Motion Control"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6420-5847","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yonghui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zizhen","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-1879","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanxi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8323-7289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.05.017","article-title":"The co-evolution of life and Earth","volume":"16","author":"Dietrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16374-7","article-title":"Co-evolution\nof primitive methane-cycling ecosystems and early Earth\u2019s atmosphere\nand climate","volume":"11","author":"Sauterey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.04.002","article-title":"The coevolutionary consequences of\nbiodiversity change","volume":"39","author":"Laine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5315","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13389","article-title":"Fifty years of co-evolution and beyond:\nintegrating co-evolution from molecules to species","volume":"24","author":"Carmona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004425","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202004425","article-title":"3D interfacing between\nsoft electronic tools and complex biological tissues","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00365","article-title":"Dissecting biological\nand synthetic soft-hard interfaces for tissue-like systems","volume":"122","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2002.1060","article-title":"Continuum\nbiomechanics of soft biological tissues","volume":"459","author":"Humphrey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ser.\nA, Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.3390\/en15051769","article-title":"Local path planning for autonomous\nvehicles based on the natural behavior of the biological action-perception\nmotion","volume":"15","author":"Bautista-Camino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2985815","article-title":"Event-based\nneuromorphic vision for autonomous driving: A paradigm shift for bio-inspired\nvisual sensing and perception","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process.\nMag."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(99)00122-0","article-title":"ARBIB: an autonomous robot based\non inspirations from biology","volume":"31","author":"Damper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Robot. Auton.\nSyst."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904523","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201904523","article-title":"Mimicking\nhuman and biological skins for multifunctional skin electronics","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01435","article-title":"Protein-based\nelectronic skin akin to biological tissues","volume":"12","author":"Jo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203193","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203193","article-title":"Advances in biodegradable electronic\nskin: Material progress and recent applications in sensing, robotics,\nand human-machine interfaces","volume":"35","author":"Zarei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413112","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202413112","article-title":"Tailoring\nBiopolymers for Electronic Skins: Materials Design and Applications","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305917","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202305917","article-title":"Flexible and stretchable electrochemical sensors for\nbiological monitoring","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12606","article-title":"Technology roadmap for flexible sensors","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902133","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201902133","article-title":"Flexible hybrid sensors for health\nmonitoring: materials and mechanisms to render wearability","volume":"32","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802337","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802337","article-title":"Autonomous flexible sensors for health monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Huynh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9614","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b04898","article-title":"Lab-on-skin: a review of flexible\nand stretchable electronics for wearable health monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.151230","article-title":"Bio-electric-electronics and tissue engineering applications\nof MXenes wearable materials: A review","volume":"489","author":"Gu\u0308rbu\u0308z","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. J."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706100","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201706100","article-title":"Micro-\/nanorobots at\nwork in active drug delivery","volume":"28","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302544","article-title":"Development\nof a sperm-flagella driven\nmicro-bio-robot","volume":"25","author":"Magdanz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201101134","article-title":"Photostimulated\nAu nanoheaters in polymer and biological media: characterization of\nmechanical destruction and boiling","volume":"22","author":"Hu\u0308hn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Funct.\nMater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706901","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201706901","article-title":"Bio-inspired highly scattering networks via polymer\nphase separation","volume":"28","author":"Syurik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201303349","article-title":"A soft future: from robots and sensor\nskin to energy harvesters","volume":"26","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.162057","article-title":"High-Performance\nMulti-Responsive actuators based on\nionic Polymer-Graphene janus film for multimodal soft robots","volume":"511","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao3865","article-title":"Programming\na crystalline shape memory polymer network with thermo-and\nphoto-reversible bonds toward a single-component soft robot","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5010","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40792-y","article-title":"Skin-like cryogel electronics from\nsuppressed-freezing tuned polymer amorphization","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14446-2","article-title":"Mechanically and biologically skin-like elastomers\nfor bio-integrated electronics","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2020.105044","article-title":"Multifunctional smart\nelectronic\nskin fabricated from two-dimensional like polymer film","volume":"75","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700648","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201700648","article-title":"Toward soft skin-like wearable and implantable energy devices","volume":"7","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421522","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202421522","article-title":"Ocyropsis-Inspired\nFast-Swimming\nTransparent Soft Robots","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200962","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202200962","article-title":"Soft underwater swimming robots based on artificial muscle","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500084","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201500084","article-title":"A bioinspired swimming and walking hydrogel driven\nby light-controlled local density","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603312","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603312","article-title":"Biomimicking of a swim\nbladder and its application as a mini-generator","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20948","article-title":"Structure\nand autonomic innervation of the swim bladder in the zebrafish (Danio\nrerio)","volume":"495","author":"Finney","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1021\/nn501204t","article-title":"Highly stretchable\nand sensitive strain sensor based on silver nanowire-elastomer nanocomposite","volume":"8","author":"Amjadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.09.004","article-title":"Investigation\nof strain sensing mechanisms on ultra-thin carbon nanotube networks\nwith different densities","volume":"155","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.01.014","article-title":"Highly stretchable,\nanti-corrosive and wearable strain\nsensors based on the PDMS\/CNTs decorated elastomer nanofiber composite","volume":"362","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806714","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201806714","article-title":"Multiaxial and transparent\nstrain sensors based on synergetically reinforced and orthogonally\ncracked hetero-nanocrystal solids","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct.\nMater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900074","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201900074","article-title":"Flexible sandwich structural\nstrain sensor based on silver nanowires decorated with self-healing\nsubstrate","volume":"304","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26279","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b03184","article-title":"Transparent, flexible\nstrain sensor based on a solution-processed carbon nanotube network","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mate. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8412","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC01980D","article-title":"A flexible viscoelastic\ncoupling cable with self-adapted electrical\nproperties and anti-impact performance toward shapeable electronic\ndevices","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2011.36","article-title":"A stretchable\ncarbon nanotube strain\nsensor for human-motion detection","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304742","article-title":"Highly\nstretchable\npiezoresistive graphene-nanocellulose nanopaper for strain sensors","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8160","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TC02702A","article-title":"Ultra-stretchable, sensitive and durable strain sensors\nbased on polydopamine encapsulated carbon nanotubes\/elastic bands","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800239","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201800239","article-title":"Self-sensing paper actuators based on graphite-carbon nanotube hybrid\nfilms","volume":"5","author":"Amjadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2025.113072","article-title":"Superhydrophobic surface with rice leaf structures fabricated by\nlaser processing","volume":"189","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Optics & Laser Technology"},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417024","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202417024","article-title":"High-Efficiency\nWater Collection of Superhydrophobic Condensation Absorber","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026072521080483000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400024","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202400024","article-title":"Fabrication and Energy Collection of Superhydrophobic\nUltra-Stretchable Film","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp;\nInterfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.5c10218","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/17\/29\/42362\/66266426\/acsami.5c10218.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/17\/29\/42362\/66266426\/acsami.5c10218.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T13:40:31Z","timestamp":1785073231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/17\/29\/42362\/3638568\/Bionic-Pneumatic-Driven-Actuator-for-Underwater"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"29","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.5c10218","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]}}}