{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:16:55Z","timestamp":1788412615699,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"51","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":806,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/TCR\/008-SERI\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TCR\/008-SERI\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The only nonthermal method of depositing a bioceramic-based coating on polymeric substrates is by incubation in liquid, e.g., simulated body fluid to form an apatite-like layer. The drawbacks of this method include the long processing time, the production of low scratch resistant coating, and an end product that does not resemble the intended bioceramic composition. Techniques, such as plasma spraying and magnetron sputtering, involving high processing temperature are unsuitable for polymers, e.g., PMMA. Here, we introduce a nonthermal coating method to immobilize hydroxyapatite (HAp) and TiO2 nanoparticles on PMMA via a simple and fast dip coating method. Cavities that formed on the PMMA, induced by chloroform, appeared to trap the nanoparticles which accumulated to form layers of bioceramic coating only after 60 s. The resulting coating was hydrophilic and highly resistant to delamination. In the context of our research and to address the current clinical need, we demonstrate that the HAp-coated PMMA, which is intended to be used as a visual optic of a corneal prosthetic device, improves its bonding and biointegration with collagen, the main component of a corneal stroma. The HAp-coated PMMA resulted in better adhesion with the collagen than untreated PMMA in artificial tear fluid over 28 days. Human corneal stromal fibroblasts showed better attachment, viability, and proliferation rate on the HAp-coated PMMA than on untreated PMMA. This coating method is an innovative solution to immobilize various bioceramic nanoparticles on polymers and may be used in other biomedical implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b12371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T11:12:54Z","timestamp":1480590774000},"page":"35565-35577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Functionalization\nof the Polymeric Surface with Bioceramic\nNanoparticles via a Novel, Nonthermal Dip Coating Method"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5105-0484","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andri K.","family":"Riau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 639798"]},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 169856"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debasish","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 639798"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Setiawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 169856"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alagappan","family":"Palaniappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 637553"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary H. F.","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 169856"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 639798"]},{"name":"Nanyang Technological University , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 637553"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subbu S.","family":"Venkatraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 639798"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodhbir S.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 639798"]},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 169856"]},{"name":"Singapore National Eye Center , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 168751"]},{"name":"Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 169857"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-14-1-87","article-title":"Ethical\nCriteria for Procuring and Distributing Organs for Transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Childress","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Health Polit. Policy Law"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2026090300430620100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i29","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer384","article-title":"Organ Transplantation:\nHistorical Perspective and Current\nPractice","volume":"108","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2012.04.004","article-title":"Regenerative Approaches as Alternatives\nto Donor Allografting for Restoration of Corneal Function","volume":"10","author":"Griffith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit4","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Biomaterials: Principles\nand Applications","author":"Lee","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.04.002","article-title":"Polymer Surface Modification for the Attachment of\nBioactive Compounds","volume":"32","author":"Goddard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.2011.110180","article-title":"The Answer\nis 17 years, What is the\nQuestion: Understanding Time Lags in Translational Research","volume":"104","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820050611","article-title":"Bonding Mechanisms at the Interface of Ceramic Prosthetic\nMaterials","volume":"5","author":"Hench","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00255-0","article-title":"Bond Strength\nof Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite\/Ti\nComposite Coatings","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(02)00029-5","article-title":"In Vitro Corrosion Behavior of Bioceramic,\nMetallic,\nand Bioceramic-Metallic Coated Stainless Steel Dental Implants","volume":"19","author":"Fathi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2860(01)00716-5","article-title":"Electrophoretic Coating of Hydroxyapatite on\nTitanium Implants","volume":"596","author":"Stoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2009.02.086","article-title":"Characterization\nand Corrosion Behavior of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Ti6Al6V Fabricated\nby Electrophoretic Deposition","volume":"255","author":"Kwok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2001.0446","article-title":"Processing and Characterization of\nHydroxyapatite Coatings on Titanium Produced by Magnetron Sputtering","volume":"16","author":"Nieh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2010.01.002","article-title":"Adhesion Failure Behavior of Sputtered Calcium Phosphate\nThin Film Coatings Evaluated Using Microscratch Testing","volume":"3","author":"Toque","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2007.03.007","article-title":"Protective\nHybrid Sol-Gel Coatings Containing Bioactive Particles on Surgical\nGrade Stainless Steel: Surface Characterization","volume":"253","author":"Ballarre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2004.08.172","article-title":"Bioactive Coatings\nPrepared by Sol-Gel\non Stainless Steel 316L","volume":"348","author":"Garcia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008935924847","article-title":"Composition and Structure\nof Apatite Formed on Organic Polymer in Simulated Body Fluid With\na High Content of Carbonate Ion","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.:\nMater. Med."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200902347","article-title":"Mussel-Inspired\nPolydopamine Coating as a Universal Route to Hydroxyapatite Crystallization","volume":"20","author":"Ryu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1021\/cm990583f","article-title":"Size-Selected Zinc Sulfide Nanocrystallites: Synthesis, Structure,\nand Optical Studies","volume":"12","author":"Nanda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21690","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b07621","article-title":"Surface Modification of PMMA to Improve\nAdhesion to Corneal Substitutes in a Synthetic Core-Skirt Keratoprosthesis","volume":"7","author":"Riau","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.10.024","article-title":"Fabrication and Biocompatibility\nInvestigation of TiO(2) Films on the Polymer Substrates Obtained via\na Novel and Versatile Route","volume":"76","author":"Ou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf.,\nB"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.5.2.17","article-title":"Titanium\nCoating of the Boston Keratoprosthesis","volume":"5","author":"Salvador-Culla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl.\nVis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1339","article-title":"A Simple,\nCross-Linked Collagen Tissue Substitute for Corneal Implantation","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9413-0","article-title":"In Situ Gelling\nGelrite\/Alginate Formulations as Vehicles for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit24","first-page":"151","article-title":"Quartz\nCrystal Microbalance With Dissipiation Monitoring: Enabling Real-Time\nCharacterization of Biological Materials and Their Interactions","volume":"19","author":"Dixon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Technol."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01337937","article-title":"The Use\nof Quartz Oscillators for Weighing Thin Layers and for Microweighing","volume":"155","author":"Sauerbrey","year":"1959","journal-title":"Eur. Phys.\nJ. A"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2013.10.029","article-title":"Polymer-Bioceramic\nComposite Coatings on Magnesium for Biomaterial Applications","volume":"236","author":"Oosterbeek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318285c8f4","article-title":"High-Resolution\nSpectral Domain Anterior\nSegment Optical Coherence Tomography in Type 1 Boston Keratoprosthesis","volume":"32","author":"Shapiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00069-6","article-title":"A Second Generation of Artificial\nCornea (Biokpro II)","volume":"19","author":"Legeais","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.4.484","article-title":"Endophthalmitis\nAfter Keratoprosthesis: Incidence,\nBacterial Causes, and Risk Factors","volume":"119","author":"Nouri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.6.761","article-title":"Seoul-Type Keratoprosthesis:\nPreliminary Results of the First 7 Human Cases","volume":"120","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392012005000069","article-title":"XRD, AFM, IR and TGA Study of Nanostructured\nHydroxyapatite","volume":"15","author":"Mir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026090300430620100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3960","article-title":"Rigidity Sensing and Adaptation Through\nRegulation of Integrin Types","volume":"13","author":"Elosegui-Artola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."}],"container-title":["ACS Applied\nMaterials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6b12371","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/8\/51\/35565\/67133321\/acsami.6b12371.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/8\/51\/35565\/67133321\/acsami.6b12371.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:43:17Z","timestamp":1788410597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/8\/51\/35565\/770272\/Functionalization-of-the-Polymeric-Surface-with"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"51","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6b12371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]}}}