{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:47:39Z","timestamp":1792547259030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N000142212177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000142212177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Here we report high-performance all-polymer transparent heaters based on the air-stable n-doped polymer poly(benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF). Using a scalable ethanol-based ink and a single-step, post-treatment-free spray-coating process, the resulting films combine low sheet resistance (Rs \u2248 60 \u03a9 sq.\u20131), high visible light transmittance (VLT &amp;gt; 80%), and low optical haze (&amp;lt;0.30%). The heaters reach steady-state temperatures above 180 \u00b0C at low DC voltages (&amp;lt;24 V) with rapid heating rates (&amp;gt;2.5 \u00b0C s\u20131). Measurements of the in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities reveal a pronounced thermal anisotropy (\u03bax,y\/\u03baz \u2248 (35 to 37)), with a high in-plane conductivity of \u22483.4 W m\u20131 K\u20131 that promotes uniform heating. A thermal model accounting for the Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) is applied to extract key heater parameters, revealing rapid, predictable thermal response times (t90% \u2248 (90 to 150) s). The n-PBDF heaters retain &amp;gt;85% of their initial performance after 7 days of continuous operation and withstand 60 000 bending cycles (10 mm radius), demonstrating both robust operational stability and mechanical durability. Finally, we demonstrate practical utility by rapid deicing of surface frost on glass-substrate heaters cooled on dry ice (\u221278.5 \u00b0C), and by integrating heaters fabricated on flexible PET substrates into ski goggles and motorcycle visors to enable rapid, low-voltage defogging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c03624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:27:42Z","timestamp":1777897662000},"page":"32953-32966","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-Temperature\nTransparent Polymer Heater Based\non n-Doped Poly(benzodifurandione)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6205-7334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Romo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University , , , ,","place":["West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8756-0956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Won-June","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University , , , ,","place":["West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aalok","family":"Gaitonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University , , , ,","place":["West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7390-0648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liyan","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University , , , ,","place":["West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cerjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University , , , ,","place":["West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2798-5650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucas Q.","family":"Flagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , , , ,","place":["Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States, 20899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6840-535X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sunday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , , , ,","place":["Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States, 20899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2916-9809","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chad R.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , , , ,","place":["Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States, 20899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0840-0757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dean M.","family":"DeLongchamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology , , , ,","place":["Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States, 20899"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7506-2888","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy M.","family":"Marconnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University , , , ,","place":["West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5743-2715","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University , , , ,","place":["West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"2026072417094156400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12559","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b11026","article-title":"Visibly Transparent\nHeaters","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072417094156400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2000.151","article-title":"Criteria\nfor Choosing Transparent Conductors","volume":"25","author":"Gordon","year":"2000","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072417094156400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2011.236","article-title":"The Effects of Percolation\nin Nanostructured Transparent\nConductors","volume":"36","author":"De","year":"2011","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026072417094156400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7064","DOI":"10.1021\/nn1025803","article-title":"Size Effects\nand the Problem with Percolation in Nanostructured Transparent Conductors","volume":"4","author":"De","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026072417094156400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201910225","article-title":"Transparent Heaters: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Papanastasiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026072417094156400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27250","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b08578","article-title":"All-Polymeric Flexible\nTransparent Heaters","volume":"9","author":"Gueye","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072417094156400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c13051","article-title":"Highly Conductive and Solution-Processable\nn-Doped Transparent Organic Conductor","volume":"145","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026072417094156400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.3c00688","article-title":"Electronic and Magnetic Properties\nof Oligomers and Chains of Poly(Benzodifurandione) (PBDF), A Highly\nConducting n-Type Polymer","volume":"35","author":"Ni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"issue":"7935","key":"2026072417094156400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05295-8","article-title":"A Solution-Processed\nn-Type Conducting Polymer with\nUltrahigh Conductivity","volume":"611","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072417094156400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4354","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.4c07765","article-title":"Doping Efficiency of Poly(Benzodifurandione)\nfrom First Principles","volume":"129","author":"Floris","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026072417094156400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6393","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5c01300","article-title":"Charge Transport Properties of PBFDO\nat Various Doping Levels: An Electrochemical Control and Hall Effect\nCharacterization Study","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072417094156400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3635","article-title":"Engineered Doping\nof Organic Semiconductors for Enhanced Thermoelectric Efficiency","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"33","key":"2026072417094156400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202400255","article-title":"Controlled Dedoping and Redoping of N-Doped Poly(Benzodifurandione)\n(n-PBDF)","volume":"34","author":"Ke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026072417094156400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.01.019","article-title":"Measurement of Interfacial Thermal\nConductance in Lithium Ion Batteries","volume":"343","author":"Gaitonde","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power\nSources"},{"key":"2026072417094156400_cit15","unstructured":"Gaitonde, A. U.\n          \n          Metrology Development\nfor Thermal Challenges in Advanced Semiconductor Packaging. Thesis, Purdue University Graduate School, 2024. 10.25394\/PGS.27095515.v1."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072417094156400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0238285","article-title":"Range and\nAccuracy of In-Plane Anisotropic\nThermal Conductivity Measurement Using the Laser-Based \u00c5ngstrom\nMethod","volume":"96","author":"Gaitonde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2026072417094156400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantharaj, R.; Srivastava, I.; Thaker, K. R.; Gaitonde, A. U.; Bruce, A.; Howarter, J.; Fisher, T. S.; Marconnet, A. M.\n          Thermal Conduction\nin Graphite Flake-Epoxy Composites Using Infrared Microscopy. In  2017 16th IEEE Intersociety Conference on Thermal and\nThermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (ITherm)2017; pp 1\u2013710.1109\/ITHERM.2017.8023960.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITHERM.2017.8023960"},{"key":"2026072417094156400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(02)00105-3","article-title":"Thermal Conductivity of PTFE and\nPTFE Composites","volume":"392\u2013393","author":"Price","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026072417094156400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1965.070091106","article-title":"Thermal\nConductivity of Polytetrafluoroethylene","volume":"9","author":"Hsu","year":"1965","journal-title":"J.\nAppl. Polym. 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M.\n          Systems and\nMethods for In-Plane Characterization of Isotropic and Anisotropic\nMaterials. U.S. Patent US20250130187A1, April\n24, 2025, https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20250130187A1\/en (accessed Oct 26, 2025)."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072417094156400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202311379","article-title":"Highly Conductive N-Type Polymer\nFibers from the Wet-Spinning of n-Doped PBDF and Their Application\nin Thermoelectric Textiles","volume":"34","author":"Sarabia-Riquelme","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026072417094156400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406770","article-title":"Poly(Benzodifurandione) Coated Silk\nYarn for Thermoelectric Textiles","volume":"11","author":"Craighero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072417094156400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67271-w","article-title":"Robust Fast-Switching Black Electrochromic\nWindows Based on Solution-Processed n-Doped Transparent Organic Conductor","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072417094156400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201202013","article-title":"Uniformly Interconnected Silver-Nanowire Networks for\nTransparent Film Heaters","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072417094156400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/456098","article-title":"Flexible, Transparent, and Conductive\nFilm Based on Random Networks of Ag Nanowires","volume":"2013","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072417094156400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4805","DOI":"10.1021\/nn500692d","article-title":"Relationship between Material Properties\nand Transparent Heater Performance for Both Bulk-like and Percolative\nNanostructured Networks","volume":"8","author":"Sorel","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072417094156400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202419685","article-title":"High-Performance\nLow-Emissivity Paints Enabled by N-Doped Poly(Benzodifurandione) (n-PBDF) for Energy-Efficient Buildings","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026072417094156400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.1021\/nl202311v","article-title":"High-Performance\nGraphene-Based Transparent Flexible Heaters","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072417094156400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1021\/nn100343f","article-title":"Are There Fundamental Limitations on the Sheet Resistance\nand Transmittance of Thin Graphene Films?","volume":"4","author":"De","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS\nNano"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026072417094156400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1021\/nn900348c","article-title":"Silver Nanowire\nNetworks as Flexible, Transparent, Conducting Films: Extremely High\nDC to Optical Conductivity Ratios","volume":"3","author":"De","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072417094156400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800858w","article-title":"Transparent,\nFlexible, and Highly\nConductive Thin Films Based on Polymer\u2013Nanotube Composites","volume":"3","author":"De","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026072417094156400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/ITherm55368.2023.10177615","article-title":"Feasibility\nAssessment of Metrologies for Thermal Resistance Characterization\nof Deeply Buried Interfaces between Bonded Silicon Layers.","author":"Gaitonde","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026072417094156400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.126591","article-title":"Thermal\nMetrology for Deeply Buried\nLow-Thermal-Resistance Interfaces","volume":"241","author":"Gaitonde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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Heat\nMass Transfer"}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp;\nInterfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6c03624","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/23\/32953\/63008422\/acsami.6c03624.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/23\/32953\/63008422\/acsami.6c03624.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T21:34:40Z","timestamp":1784928880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/18\/23\/32953\/5069103\/High-Temperature-Transparent-Polymer-Heater-Based"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6c03624","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}}}