{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:28:07Z","timestamp":1788452887503,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Scalable 2D semiconductor device integration is persistently hindered by polymer residues, wrinkles, and interfacial voids introduced during transfer, as well as by surface damage incurred during photolithographic contact fabrication, collectively degrading metal\/semiconductor interfaces and limiting device reproducibility. Here, we report an aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) platform that resolves both challenges within a single workflow. By incorporating a controlled fraction of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) into the PVA solution, wetting conformity is improved and interfacial void trapping during film delamination is suppressed, yielding wrinkle-free, optically uniform monolayer MoS2 with preserved surface morphology. The same platform enables lithography-free integration of prepatterned Au electrodes onto MoS2 via van der Waals contact transfer, avoiding direct photolithographic exposure and metal-deposition damage to the MoS2 channel\/contact interface. We further demonstrate that PVA treatment provides a low-temperature route to refresh aged MoS2 surfaces by removing adventitious adsorbates and reducing nanoscale roughness. Critically, optimal photodetector performance is achieved only when lithography-free contacts are paired with a sufficiently clean semiconductor channel, establishing a quantitative link between transfer quality and contact behavior. PVA-transferred MoS2 devices with transferred Au contacts exhibit carrier mobility of 6.27 \u00b1 2.74 cm2 V\u20131 s\u20131 and responsivity and detectivity exceeding conventional PMMA-based devices by over two orders of magnitude under weak illumination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c05536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:02:33Z","timestamp":1787115753000},"page":"46899-46909","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PVA-Mediated Transfer of MoS2 and Au Electrodes: A Lithography-Free Route to Ultraclean van der Waals Interfaces for High-Performance Electronics and Optoelectronics"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan H.","family":"Abidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanish","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boopathiraja","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taimur","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sindhu Priya","family":"Giridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishnu","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3645-9847","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sumeet","family":"Walia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMIT University , , ,","place":["Melbourne, Australia, 3000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311171809500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31887-z","article-title":"Large-Area Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials Free of Cracks, Contamination, and Wrinkles via Controllable Conformal Contact","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311171809500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-022-00327-3","article-title":"2D Semiconductors for Specific Electronic Applications: From Device to System","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj 2D Mater. Appl."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311171809500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-024-01121-3","article-title":"Ready-to-Transfer Two-Dimensional Materials Using Tunable Adhesive Force Tapes","volume":"7","author":"Nakatani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090311171809500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11573","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c01000","article-title":"Clean Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311171809500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49592-4","article-title":"Type-Printable Photodetector Arrays for Multichannel Meta-Infrared Imaging","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090311171809500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-023-2456-1","article-title":"Ferroelectric-Controlled Graphene Plasmonic Surfaces for All-Optical Neuromorphic Vision","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090311171809500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14841","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00590","article-title":"Transfer of 2D Films: From Imperfection to Perfection","volume":"18","author":"Pham","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090311171809500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11032","DOI":"10.1039\/d1cs00706h","article-title":"Review and Comparison of Layer Transfer Methods for Two-Dimensional Materials for Emerging Applications","volume":"50","author":"Schranghamer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090311171809500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1039\/d5cs00531k","article-title":"Transfer and Beyond: Emerging Strategies and Trends in Two-Dimensional Material Device Fabrication","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090311171809500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5094543","article-title":"Effects of Solvents and Polymer on Photoluminescence of Transferred WS2 Monolayers","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090311171809500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201801321","article-title":"Impact of Post-Lithography Polymer Residue on the Electrical Characteristics of MoS2 and WSe2 Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311171809500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/ad2f43","article-title":"A Review on Transfer Methods of Two-Dimensional Materials","volume":"11","author":"Cheliotis","year":"2024","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090311171809500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c13037","article-title":"Oxygen-Passivated Sulfur Vacancies in Monolayer MoS2 for Enhanced Piezoelectricity","volume":"19","author":"Verma","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"46","key":"2026090311171809500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202509903","article-title":"Van der Waals Template-Assisted Growth of Two-Dimensional Sb2S3","volume":"12","author":"Giridhar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"7775","key":"2026090311171809500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1573-9","article-title":"Graphene and Two-Dimensional Materials for Silicon Technology","volume":"573","author":"Akinwande","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090311171809500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.63","article-title":"A General Method for Transferring Graphene onto Soft Surfaces","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311171809500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-021-00311-1","article-title":"Damage-Free Transfer Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Materials: Competition between Adhesion Instability and Tensile Strain","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311171809500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/aa57fa","article-title":"Damage Mitigation in Roll-to-Roll Transfer of CVD Graphene to Flexible Substrates","volume":"4","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026090311171809500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36052","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c09632","article-title":"Strain-Induced Performance Enhancement of a Monolayer Photodetector via Patterned Substrate Engineering","volume":"14","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311171809500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11894","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11894","article-title":"The Hot Pick-Up Technique for Batch Assembly of van der Waals Heterostructures","volume":"7","author":"Pizzocchero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311171809500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/1\/1\/011002","article-title":"Deterministic Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials by All-Dry Viscoelastic Stamping","volume":"1","author":"Castellanos-Gomez","year":"2014","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026090311171809500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33131","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c10551","article-title":"High-Fidelity Transfer of 2D Semiconductors and Electrodes for van der Waals Devices","volume":"18","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311171809500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08813-x","article-title":"Paraffin-Enabled Graphene Transfer","volume":"10","author":"Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090311171809500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11522","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5057673","article-title":"Surface-Energy-Assisted Perfect Transfer of Centimeter-Scale Monolayer and Few-Layer MoS2 Films onto Arbitrary Substrates","volume":"8","author":"Gurarslan","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090311171809500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202108425","article-title":"Fermi Level Pinning Dependent 2D Semiconductor Devices: Challenges and Prospects","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090311171809500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14798","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03515","article-title":"Uncovering the Effects of Metal Contacts on Monolayer MoS2","volume":"14","author":"Schauble","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090311171809500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202400927","article-title":"Direct-Write Printed Contacts to Layered and 2D Materials","volume":"11","author":"Jois","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311171809500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58360-9","article-title":"Effect of Fabrication Process on Contact Resistance and Channel in Graphene Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"14","author":"Rad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7707","key":"2026090311171809500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0129-8","article-title":"Approaching the Schottky-Mott Limit in van der Waals Metal-Semiconductor Junctions","volume":"557","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090311171809500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19278","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b02739","article-title":"Defect-Dominated Charge Transport and Fermi Level Pinning in MoS2\/Metal Contacts","volume":"9","author":"Bampoulis","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311171809500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.3c02740","article-title":"Investigation of Interface Interactions between Monolayer MoS2 and Metals: Implications on Strain and Surface Roughness","volume":"40","author":"Juo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090311171809500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4452","article-title":"Electrical Contacts to Two-Dimensional Semiconductors","volume":"14","author":"Allain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090311171809500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1021\/accountsmr.2c00114","article-title":"Effect of Environmental Contaminants on the Interfacial Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acc. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090311171809500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202303014","article-title":"Toward Clean 2D Materials and Devices: Recent Progress in Transfer and Cleaning Methods","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026090311171809500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab149e","article-title":"Ambient Effects on Photogating in MoS2 Photodetectors","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090311171809500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202210503","article-title":"Controlled Adhesion of Ice-Toward Ultraclean 2D Materials","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090311171809500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.1016\/s0032-3861(99)00550-9","article-title":"The Effects of Hydrogen Bonding upon the Viscosity of Aqueous Poly(vinyl alcohol) Solutions","volume":"41","author":"Briscoe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090311171809500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.6b03875","article-title":"Direct Observation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Removal from a Graphene Surface","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026090311171809500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2020.11.047","article-title":"Ways to Eliminate PMMA Residues on Graphene-Superclean Graphene","volume":"173","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311171809500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1021\/ma990878e","article-title":"Hydrogen Bonding Governs the Elastic Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol) in Water: Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopic Studies of PVA by AFM","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026090311171809500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-46915-4_3","volume-title":"Water Soluble Polymers: Solutions Properties and Applications","author":"Hassan","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026090311171809500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202501920","article-title":"Evaluation of Strain and Charge-Transfer Doping in Wet-Polymeric Transferred Monolayer MoS2: Implications for Field-Effect Transistors","volume":"11","author":"Bhuyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090311171809500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevb.99.195401","article-title":"Spectroscopic Evaluation of Charge-Transfer Doping and Strain in Graphene\/MoS2 Heterostructures","volume":"99","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6c05536","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/34\/46899\/66856240\/am-2026-05536y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/34\/46899\/66856240\/am-2026-05536y.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:11:10Z","timestamp":1788451870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/18\/34\/46899\/5275846\/PVA-Mediated-Transfer-of-MoS2-and-Au-Electrodes-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6c05536","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}