{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:47:20Z","timestamp":1791841640333,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032597","name":"REVA University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RU\/EST:CHEM:2022\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RU\/EST:CHEM:2022\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032597","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/TMD\/EWO\/WTI\/DM\/2021\/236(G)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/TMD\/EWO\/WTI\/DM\/2021\/236(G)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The rational design of electrodes with hierarchically interconnected porosity and abundant redox-active channels is essential for high-performance capacitive deionization (CDI). Herein, vanadium hexacyanoferrate (VHCF) is integrated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to demonstrate a strongly coupled intercalation-type hybrid electrode that exhibits a pronounced morphological evolution from densely aggregated particles to a rosette-like nanosheet architecture, significantly improving electrolyte accessibility, active-site exposure, and ion-transport pathways. Electronic interaction at the rGO\u2212VHCF interface facilitates charge redistribution, as indicated by binding-energy shifts and the stabilization of mixed-valence V and Fe states in XPS analysis. Notably, XPS reveals a \u223c0.5 eV negative shift in the V3+ binding energy, confirming interfacial electron transfer from rGO to VHCF and increased electron density at vanadium centers. This electronic coupling activates additional redox centers, lowers charge-transfer resistance, and accelerates reaction kinetics, delivering enhanced charge storage (328.59 F\/g at 1 A\/g) with reduced polarization and reveals a dominant surface-controlled pseudocapacitance, indicating interfacial charge storage. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements directly correlate charge transfer with reversible Na+-associated mass variations, confirming synchronized electron\u2212ion transport and minimal ion trapping. In asymmetric CDI configuration, VHCF\/rGO cathode and mesoporous carbon as anode achieve a high-salt adsorption capacity of 78.97 mg\/g nearly double that of VHCF (37.40 mg\/g). Additionally, the system demonstrates rapid electrosorption kinetic and low-energy consumption (0.65 kJ\/mol) in Na2SO4. The synergistic integration of electronic coupling, defect-enriched active sites, and efficient ion-diffusion channels establishes VHCF\/rGO as a robust, high-efficiency electrode for next-generation CDI systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c06854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T21:02:19Z","timestamp":1787086939000},"page":"46406-46419","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Capacitive-Dominant Ion Storage in Electronically Coupled Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate\/rGO for Efficient Capacitive Deionization Devices"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5871-169X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahima","family":"Shankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"REVA University , , Yelahanka, , ,","place":["Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 560064"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5784-9369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Padaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JAIN (Deemed\u2212to\u2212be University) , , Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram , ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 562112"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6591-7811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Srinivasa","family":"Budagumpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JAIN (Deemed\u2212to\u2212be University) , , Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura, Ramanagaram , ,","place":["Bangalore, India, 562112"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-1775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Doddahalli H.","family":"Nagaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REVA University , , Yelahanka, , ,","place":["Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 560064"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026101217065456100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.11.053","article-title":"Fouling in Reverse Electrodialysis under Natural Conditions","volume":"47","author":"Vermaas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026101217065456100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w8120601","article-title":"Predicting the Specific Energy Consumption of Reverse Osmosis Desalination","volume":"8","author":"Stillwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114478","article-title":"Fouling Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter in Fresh Water and Seawater Compartments of Reverse Electrodialysis under Natural Water Conditions","volume":"496","author":"Chon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"1\u22123","key":"2026101217065456100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.01.011","article-title":"Desalination of a Thermal Power Plant Wastewater by Membrane Capacitive Deionization","volume":"196","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114383","article-title":"Energy Consumption in Membrane Capacitive Deionization and Comparison with Reverse Osmosis","volume":"488","author":"Porada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026101217065456100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6888","DOI":"10.1021\/es9009635","article-title":"Practical Potential of Reverse Electrodialysis as Process for Sustainable Energy Generation","volume":"43","author":"D\u0142ugo\u0142e\u00b8cki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100502","article-title":"Fouling Effect on Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes Performance in Desalination Plant","volume":"319","author":"Shouman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101217065456100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.118978","article-title":"Tuning the Membrane Surface Charge: Zwitterionic Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Molecular Separation and Their Superior Antifouling Property","volume":"13","author":"Hindu Bhavani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101217065456100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.09.043","article-title":"Membrane Capacitive Deionization","volume":"346","author":"Biesheuvel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101217065456100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ee02378a","article-title":"Hybrid Capacitive Deionization to Enhance the Desalination Performance of Capacitive Techniques","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2015.1118485","article-title":"Capacitive Deionization for Desalination Using Nanostructured Electrodes","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.118140","article-title":"Advances and Challenges in Capacitive Deionization: Materials, Architectures, and Selective Ion Removal","volume":"592","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.3c03648","article-title":"Emerging Frontiers in Multichannel Membrane Capacitive Deionization: Recent Advances and Future Prospects","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1039\/d5na00311c","article-title":"Impact of Ion Intercalation Materials on Advancing Capacitive Deionization: From Theory to Practical","volume":"7","author":"Mahima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4317","article-title":"Capacitance of Carbon-Based Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors","volume":"5","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218625X13300050","article-title":"Desalination by Capacitive Deionization with Carbon-Based Materials as Electrode: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surf. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2023.132064","article-title":"Carbon-Based Electrode Materials with Ion Exchange Membranes for Enhanced Membrane Capacitive Deionization","volume":"676","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101217065456100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P95","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3115463","article-title":"Limitation of Charge Efficiency in Capacitive Deionization","volume":"156","author":"Avraham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026101217065456100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7981","DOI":"10.1039\/d1ra00278c","article-title":"Advantages, Limitations, and Future Suggestions in Studying Graphene-Based Desalination Membranes","volume":"11","author":"Castelletto","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101217065456100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13783","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c18755","article-title":"Enhanced Removal of Cu2+ and Pb2+ Ions from Wastewater via a Hybrid Capacitive Deionization Platform with MnO2\/N-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Nanocomposite Electrodes","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2013.07.016","article-title":"TiO2 Sol-Gel Spray Method for Carbon Electrode Fabrication to Enhance Desalination Efficiency of Capacitive Deionization","volume":"342","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101217065456100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-020-03638-8","article-title":"Effects of Surfactants on the Morphology and Properties of TiO2","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.06.066","article-title":"Highly-Dispersed Fe2O3@C Electrode Materials for Pb2+ Removal by Capacitive Deionization","volume":"153","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.024","article-title":"Faradaic Reactions in Capacitive Deionization (CDI) - Problems and Possibilities: A Review","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit25","author":"Akrawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Characterization of Cobalt Prussian Blue Analogue in Capacitive Deionization"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101217065456100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c20910","article-title":"Ladder Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Prussian Blue Analogues","volume":"14","author":"Nordstrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.175653","article-title":"Surface-Engineered Mn\u2212Prussian Blue Analogue with Dual Redox Centers for High-Performance Hybrid Capacitive Deionization","volume":"535","author":"Ji","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2025.119803","article-title":"Engineering Cu-Enhanced Mn-Based Prussian Blue Analogue with Boosted Dual-Redox Activity for Efficient and Fast Capacitive Deionization","volume":"623","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101217065456100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1039\/d5sc07659e","article-title":"In Situ Surface Manipulation Mn-Based Prussian Blue Analogues with Enhanced Redox Chemistry and Ion Diffusion toward High-Energy-Density Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries","volume":"17","author":"Fu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.116657","article-title":"Plasma-Enhanced Vanadium-Based Hybrid Capacitive Deionization for High Selective Removal of Pb2+","volume":"561","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit31","article-title":"Vanadium Flow Battery Electrolyte Synthesis via Chemical Reduction of V2O5 in Aqueous HCl and H2SO4","author":"Small","year":"2017","journal-title":"SANDIA REPORT"},{"issue":"79","key":"2026101217065456100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11803","DOI":"10.1039\/d0cc03974h","article-title":"Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate as High-Capacity Cathode for Fast Proton Storage","volume":"56","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026101217065456100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8698","DOI":"10.1039\/c4ay01945h","article-title":"In Situ Reduction and Functionalization of Graphene Oxide with L-Cysteine for Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Cadmium(II), Lead(II), Copper(II), and Mercury(II) Ions","volume":"6","author":"Muralikrishna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101217065456100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202305386","article-title":"Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate Prussian Blue Analogs for Aqueous Proton Storage: Excellent Electrochemical Properties and Mechanism Insights","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"41","key":"2026101217065456100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202105203","article-title":"Divalent Ion Selectivity in Capacitive Deionization with Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate: Experiments and Quantum-Chemical Computations","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026101217065456100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12234268","article-title":"Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate as a High-Capacity and High-Voltage Cathode for Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Ion Batteries","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101217065456100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45321-z","article-title":"Decoupled Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production and Hydrazine Oxidation via High-Capacity and Stable Pre-Protonated Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate","volume":"15","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026101217065456100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53705","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c09452","article-title":"Enhancing Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance with RGO\/CoNi-Prussian Blue-Derived Oxyhydroxide Nanocomposite Electrocatalyst: A Strategic Synthetic Approach","volume":"16","author":"Borges","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-026-06572-6","article-title":"Charge Storage Evaluation of Reduced Graphene Oxide\/Lanthanum Prussian Blue Analogue Thin Film","author":"Alves","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su18042031","article-title":"A Review of Sulfate Removal Technologies in Wastewater: A Perspective on Simultaneous Removal of Sulfate and Co-Existing Contaminants","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026101217065456100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c13181","article-title":"Probing the Influence of Defects, Hydration, and Composition on Prussian Blue Analogues with Pressure","volume":"143","author":"Bostr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"51","key":"2026101217065456100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24560","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.5c04972","article-title":"Unlocking the Potential of Polymorphs of MnO2Nanomaterials for Intercalative Symmetrical Capacitive Deionization Devices","volume":"8","author":"Shankar","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"2026101217065456100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2016.09.011","article-title":"Effects of the Hydration Ratio on the Electrosorption Selectivity of Ions during Capacitive Deionization","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalination"}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6c06854","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/34\/46406\/66855444\/am-2026-06854b.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/34\/46406\/66855444\/am-2026-06854b.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:12:46Z","timestamp":1791839566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/18\/34\/46406\/5275793\/Capacitive-Dominant-Ion-Storage-in-Electronically"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6c06854","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}}}