{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:11:08Z","timestamp":1792800668301,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/38\/E\/ST5\/00176 (SONATA BIS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/38\/E\/ST5\/00176 (SONATA BIS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/04\/Y\/ST7\/00043 (Weave-Unisono)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/04\/Y\/ST7\/00043 (Weave-Unisono)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/51\/B\/ST5\/00752 (OPUS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/51\/B\/ST5\/00752 (OPUS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/53\/B\/ST11\/03625 (OPUS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/53\/B\/ST11\/03625 (OPUS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025\/57\/N\/ST11\/03230 (Preludium)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\/57\/N\/ST11\/03230 (Preludium)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001870","name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["084.2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["084.2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001870","name":"Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["088.2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["088.2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001870","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyzszego","award":["31\/623767\/SPUB\/SP\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31\/623767\/SPUB\/SP\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The practical implementation of photocatalytic water splitting for sustainable hydrogen production is largely limited by the efficiency of the oxygen evolution reaction at the photoanode. Gallium nitride is a promising material for photoanode fabrication, provided that suitable nanostructuring strategies are applied to enhance its efficiency and stability. Here, we report the functionalization of gallium nitride nanowires with a 5 nm-thick titanium dioxide layer of and a 10 nm biomimetic polydopamine coating, resulting in a 1.9-fold (190%) increase in the anodic photocurrent, as demonstrated by chronoamperometry. We provide a detailed explanation of this enhancement based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and a series of optical studies. The observed decrease in photoluminescence intensity (60\u201390%) and shortening of carrier lifetimes from 0.17 to 0.07 ns correlate with the improved photocatalytic performance. Moreover, the 50% reduction in the band-to-band to defect emission ratio and the analysis of exciton recombination pathways show the role of defect-related and surface recombination processes in determining the photocatalytic activity of the nanowires. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is further attributed to shell deposition, which induces surface-state passivation, band realignment, and the quantum-confined Stark effect. Concurrently, changes in strain distribution are confirmed by increased heterogeneity of the GaN E2high phonon mode frequency distribution, expressed by an increase in the standard deviation from 0.09 up to 0.17 cm\u20131 and linewidth broadening from 3.2 up to 3.4 cm\u20131, as observed by Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, we show that the nanomechanical properties of the nanowires are significantly improved after shell deposition, by the elimination of pop-in events, enhanced elastic recovery, and an increase in Young\u2019s modulus from 12 to 37 GPa. Finally, we point out opportunities for further optimization of similarly functionalized nanowire systems to achieve even higher efficiencies and support emerging applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c09628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:02:26Z","timestamp":1792785746000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improvement of Photocatalytic and Nanomechanical Properties of GaN Nanowires via Core-Shell Surface Modification"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0165-516X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Szymon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology , , Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27 , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50\u2013370"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4149-9720","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emerson","family":"Coy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University , , Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 , ,","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland, 61-614"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4728-2119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karol","family":"Za\u0142\u0119ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University , , Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 , ,","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland, 61-614"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9420-7376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Igor","family":"Iatsunskyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University , , Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 , ,","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland, 61-614"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Jancelewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University , , Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 , ,","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland, 61-614"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"\u0141ukaszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University , , Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 , ,","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland, 61-614"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1676-3638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eunika","family":"Zielony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology , , Wybrze\u017ce Wyspia\u0144skiego 27 , ,","place":["Wroclaw, Poland, 50\u2013370"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Sobanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Al. Lotnik\u00f3w 32\/46 , ,","place":["Warsaw, Poland, 02-668"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Ok\u00f3lna 2 , ,","place":["Wroc\u0142aw, Poland, 50-422"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0240-9742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zbigniew R.","family":"Zytkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Al. Lotnik\u00f3w 32\/46 , ,","place":["Warsaw, Poland, 02-668"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9149-6731","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jakub","family":"Szewczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University , , Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3 , ,","place":["Pozna\u0144, Poland, 61-614"]},{"name":"Riga Technical University , , P. Valdena Street 3\/7 , ,","place":["Riga, Latvia, LV-1048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026102316022124600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS00309H","article-title":"Interface Engineering for Photoelectrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction","volume":"54","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41187-9","article-title":"Monolithic FAPbBr3 Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation with Low Onset-Potential and Enhanced Stability","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102316022124600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b03437","article-title":"Role of Interfaces in Two-Dimensional Photocatalyst for Water Splitting","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026102316022124600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10253","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CS00370E","article-title":"Insights into the PH Effect on Hydrogen Electrocatalysis","volume":"53","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102316022124600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1021\/nl2006802","article-title":"Wafer-Level Photocatalytic Water Splitting on GaN Nanowire Arrays Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102316022124600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00201","article-title":"Particulate Photocatalysts for Light-Driven Water Splitting: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Design Strategies","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.11.051","article-title":"A Review of GaN-Based Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102316022124600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1021\/nn700320y","article-title":"Photocatalysis Using GaN Nanowires","volume":"2","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026102316022124600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13797","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.8b00875","article-title":"Efficient Unassisted Overall Photocatalytic Seawater Splitting on GaN-Based Nanowire Arrays","volume":"122","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102316022124600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-026-01972-4","article-title":"Excitonic Quantum Superlattices for Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4825","article-title":"Tuning the Surface Fermi Level on P-Type Gallium Nitride Nanowires for Efficient Overall Water Splitting","volume":"5","author":"Kibria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-35782-z","article-title":"Pt Nanoclusters on GaN Nanowires for Solar-Asssisted Seawater Hydrogen Evolution","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"27","key":"2026102316022124600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4642","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CE00404G","article-title":"Preparation and Photoelectrochemical Properties of GaN-Based TiO2 Nanorod Heterojunctions","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102316022124600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13149","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c02910","article-title":"Ordered GaN Nanorod Arrays for Self-Powered Photoelectrochemical Ultraviolet Photodetectors","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/79\/5\/056501","article-title":"GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes on Various Substrates: A Critical Review","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102316022124600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ceur.202500112","article-title":"Gallium Nitride in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Fundamental Insights and Emerging Trends","volume":"3","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemistryEurope"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102316022124600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104408","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4923258","article-title":"Group III-Nitride Nanowire Structures for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light Irradiation","volume":"3","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"APL Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102316022124600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"035704","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5038802","article-title":"A Systematic Investigation of Radiative Recombination in GaN Nanowires: The Influence of Nanowire Geometry and Environmental Conditions","volume":"124","author":"Hetzl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.52396\/JUSTC-2021-0205","article-title":"TiO2-Assisted GaN-Nanowire-Based Stable Ultraviolet Photoelectrochemical Detection","volume":"52","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Univ. Sci. Technol. China"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102316022124600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025019","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0035628","article-title":"Quantum Efficiency of Photocatalytic Activity by GaN Films","volume":"11","author":"Shimosako","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2021.08.016","article-title":"Recent Developments in Polydopamine-Based Photocatalytic Nanocomposites for Energy Production: Physico-Chemical Properties and Perspectives","volume":"397\u2013399","author":"Aguilar-Ferrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"issue":"5849","key":"2026102316022124600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147241","article-title":"Mussel-Inspired Surface Chemistry for Multifunctional Coatings","volume":"318","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026102316022124600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23113","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c02483","article-title":"Polydopamine Films with 2D-like Layered Structure and High Mechanical Resilience","volume":"13","author":"Coy","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026102316022124600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36922","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c05236","article-title":"Control of Intermolecular Interactions toward the Production of Free-Standing Interfacial Polydopamine Films","volume":"15","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2022.111346","article-title":"Polydopamine Films: Electrochemical Growth and Sensing Applications","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-011-0032-3","article-title":"Deposition Mechanism and Properties of Thin Polydopamine Films for High Added Value Applications in Surface Science at the Nanoscale","author":"Ball","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bionanoscience"},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2024.112781","article-title":"Ex-Situ Transferring of Polydopamine Films on Semiconductor Interface: Evidence of Functional Hybrid Heterojunction","volume":"206","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026102316022124600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34504","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c03529","article-title":"Heterojunction of Silicon Nanowires and TiO2 via Bioinspired Polymer for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution","volume":"17","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102316022124600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1039\/c8tb03233e","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on an Aligned GaN Nanowires Array\/Polydopamine Heterointerface Modified with Au Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002458","article-title":"Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution from Water Splitting","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102316022124600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6730","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b01275","article-title":"Controlling the Infrared Dielectric Function through Atomic-Scale Heterostructures","volume":"13","author":"Ratchford","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102316022124600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"063531","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4754555","article-title":"Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Optical Absorption at Longitudinal Phonon or Phonon-Plasmon Coupling Mode Energy: An Example of GaN","volume":"112","author":"Ishitani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102316022124600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"061301","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1868059","article-title":"Luminescence Properties of Defects in GaN","volume":"97","author":"Reshchikov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202401139","article-title":"Enhancing GaN Nanowires Performance Through Partial Coverage with Oxide Shells","author":"Szymon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/solids5010003","article-title":"The Origin of the Yellow Luminescence Band in Be-Doped Bulk GaN","volume":"5","author":"Reshchikov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Solids"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026102316022124600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162116","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3122934","article-title":"Photoadsorption and Photodesorption for GaN","volume":"94","author":"Foussekis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026102316022124600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.94.155308","article-title":"Nature of Excitons Bound to Inversion Domain Boundaries: Origin of the 345-EV Luminescence Lines in Spontaneously Formed GaN Nanowires on Si(111)","volume":"94","author":"Pf\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026102316022124600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6119","DOI":"10.1021\/nl302664q","article-title":"Spontaneous Nucleation and Growth of GaN Nanowires: The Fundamental Role of Crystal Polarity","volume":"12","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garrido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-83398-0","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Photoluminescence Imaging of Threading Dislocations in GaN by Sub-Band Optical Excitation","volume":"15","author":"Daeumer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102316022124600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmat.2020.10.009","article-title":"Surface Defect Engineering of Metal Oxides Photocatalyst for Energy Application and Water Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Raizada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Materiomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12171","article-title":"Recent Development in Defects Engineered Photocatalysts: An Overview of the Experimental and Theoretical Strategies","volume":"5","author":"Zafar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102316022124600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/inf2.70040","article-title":"Defect-driven Innovations in Photocatalysts: Pathways to Enhanced Photocatalytic Applications","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"InfoMat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.202000101","article-title":"Mechanisms of Thermal Quenching of Defect-Related Luminescence in Semiconductors","volume":"218","author":"Reshchikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi A"},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2014.06.061","article-title":"Dynamics of Stacking Faults Luminescence in GaN\/Si Nanowires","volume":"155","author":"Korona","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026102316022124600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315301","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aacedd","article-title":"Reflectance and Fast Polarization Dynamics of a GaN\/Si Nanowire Ensemble","volume":"30","author":"Korona","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys.: Condens. Matter"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026102316022124600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.195309","article-title":"Stacking Faults as Quantum Wells in Nanowires: Density of States, Oscillator Strength, and Radiative Efficiency","volume":"90","author":"Corfdir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102316022124600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4752230","article-title":"Photoconduction Efficiencies and Dynamics in GaN Nanowires Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Molecular Beam Epitaxy: A Comparison Study","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026102316022124600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b01521","article-title":"Absence of Quantum-Confined Stark Effect in GaN Quantum Disks Embedded in (Al,Ga)N Nanowires Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy","volume":"19","author":"Sinito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102316022124600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b03299","article-title":"Photoluminescence Probing of Complex H2O Adsorption on InGaN\/GaN Nanowires","volume":"17","author":"Maier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"49","key":"2026102316022124600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495703","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac1dd1","article-title":"Influence of Environmental Conditions and Surface Treatments on the Photoluminescence Properties of GaN Nanowires and Nanofins","volume":"32","author":"Kraut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026102316022124600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133503","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3645616","article-title":"Electrical Properties of Atomic Layer Deposited Aluminum Oxide on Gallium Nitride","volume":"99","author":"Esposto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41253","article-title":"UV and Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of Au\/TiO2 Nanoforests with Anatase\/Rutile Phase Junctions and Controlled Au Locations","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.01.048","article-title":"Rational Design and Fabrication of Surface Tailored Low Dimensional Indium Gallium Nitride for Photoelectrochemical Water Cleavage","volume":"45","author":"Ganesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.158647","article-title":"High-Efficiency Entangled Hierarchical GaN Nanowire-Based Photoanode for Solar-Driven Water Splitting","volume":"643","author":"Abdullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026102316022124600_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202500379","article-title":"Fabrication of GaN Nanowire Arrays via Electrodeless Photoelectrochemical Etching and Its Application on UV Photodetectors","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"28","key":"2026102316022124600_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202202524","article-title":"Balancing the Photo-Induced Carrier Transport Behavior at Two Semiconductor Interfaces for Dual-Polarity Photodetection","volume":"32","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102316022124600_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s41871-024-00224-x","article-title":"Electrolyte Effect on Photoetching of Gallium Nitride","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomanuf. Metrol."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026102316022124600_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1021\/cm302533s","article-title":"Thermodynamic Oxidation and Reduction Potentials of Photocatalytic Semiconductors in Aqueous Solution","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2024.162118","article-title":"Boric Acid Modified Polydopamine and Nanocolumnar Hydrogenated TiO2 Nanocomposite with Improved Photocatalytic Performance","author":"Szewczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026102316022124600_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.539911","article-title":"Spectral Reflectance of Core\u2013Shell GaN-(Al\/Hf)Ox Nanowires within Adapted Effective Medium Approximation","volume":"49","author":"Szymon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026102316022124600_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/17\/175501","article-title":"Methanol, Ethanol and Hydrogen Sensing Using Metal Oxide and Metal (TiO2-Pt) Composite Nanoclusters on GaN Nanowires: A New Route towards Tailoring the Selectivity of Nanowire\/Nanocluster Chemical Sensors","volume":"23","author":"Aluri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102316022124600_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"084703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3548872","article-title":"Hybrid Functional Investigations of Band Gaps and Band Alignments for AlN, GaN, InN, and InGaN","volume":"134","author":"Moses","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2022.05.017","article-title":"Sustainable Hydrogen Peroxide Production Based on Dopamine through Janus-like Mechanism Transition from Chemical to Photocatalytic Reactions","volume":"411","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026102316022124600_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50LT02","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aae565","article-title":"Nanostructured P-TiO2\/n-GaN Heterostructure as a Potential Photoelectrode for Efficient Charge Separation","volume":"29","author":"Kubakaddi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026102316022124600_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5097","DOI":"10.1063\/1.366310","article-title":"Raman and Photoluminescence Studies of Biaxial Strain in GaN Epitaxial Layers Grown on 6H\u2013SiC","volume":"82","author":"Davydov","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2022.152901","article-title":"Strain and Lattice Vibration Mechanisms in GaN-AlxGa1-XN Nanowire Structures on Si Substrate","volume":"588","author":"Zielony","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors11080461","article-title":"Recent Advances in Rational Design and Engineering of Signal-Amplifying Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Bioassays","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/16779","volume-title":"Nanowires - Implementations and Applications","author":"Dhara","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600332","article-title":"The Mechanical Properties of Nanowires","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102316022124600_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s10338-024-00558-5","article-title":"Developments and Future Perspectives in Nanowires Mechanics","volume":"38","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Solida Sin."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026102316022124600_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171904","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3506498","article-title":"Mechanical Response of GaN Film and Micropillar under Nanoindentation and Microcompression","volume":"97","author":"Sung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123702","article-title":"Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance and Solar Absorption by Schottky Nanodiodes Heterojunctions in Mechanically Resilient Palladium Coated TiO2\/Si Nanopillars by Atomic Layer Deposition","volume":"392","author":"Coy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"99","key":"2026102316022124600_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97070","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA21742G","article-title":"Enhancement of Optical and Mechanical Properties of Si Nanopillars by ALD TiO2 Coating","volume":"6","author":"Pavlenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102316022124600_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.16.891","article-title":"Some New Techniques in Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) Application to Surface Structure Studies","volume":"16","author":"Ino","year":"1977","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026102316022124600_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9111904","article-title":"Influence of Si Substrate Preparation Procedure on Polarity of Self-Assembled Gan Nanowires on Si(111): Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Studies","volume":"9","author":"Sobanska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"2026102316022124600_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.07.075","article-title":"Arrangement of GaN Nanowires on Si(001) Substrates Studied by X-Ray Diffraction: Importance of Silicon Nitride Interlayer","volume":"425","author":"Wierzbicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026102316022124600_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.1992.1564","article-title":"An Improved Technique for Determining Hardness and Elastic Modulus Using Load and Displacement Sensing Indentation Experiments","volume":"7","author":"Oliver","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102316022124600_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.2c00070","article-title":"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy\u2500A Tutorial","volume":"3","author":"Lazanas","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Meas. Sci. Au"}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6c09628","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsami.6c09628\/68970253\/am-2026-09628n.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acsami.6c09628\/68970253\/am-2026-09628n.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:09:16Z","timestamp":1792786156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/doi\/10.1021\/acsami.6c09628\/5457655\/Improvement-of-Photocatalytic-and-Nanomechanical"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"references-count":78,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6c09628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]}}}