{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:36:48Z","timestamp":1786523808421,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Fujian University of Technology","award":["GY-Z21014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GY-Z21014"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Fujian University of Technology","award":["GY-Z220190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GY-Z220190"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Fuzhou City","award":["2023-ZD-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZD-001"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Fuzhou City","award":["2024-ZD-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-ZD-003"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Project of Fuzhou City","award":["2024-ZD-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-ZD-010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Achieving precise refractive index matching alongside mechanical robustness remains a bottleneck for high-performance antireflective (AR) coatings. Herein, we propose a synergistic composition-regulation and interface-welding strategy that fundamentally decouples the intrinsic trade-off between optical transparency and mechanical integrity in porous optical thin films. By blending hollow silica nanoparticles (HSNs) and solid silica nanoparticles (SSNs) at precisely controlled volume ratios, the effective refractive index of the coating is continuously tunable over a range from 1.27 to 1.18. At the optimal ratio, the coating delivers a peak transmittance of 98.86% and a transmittance enhancement of 8.8%. Simultaneously, a mild vapor-phase ammonia treatment is employed to catalyze interfacial Si\u2013OH condensation, thereby constructing a continuous Si\u2013O\u2013Si covalent network. This welding process preserves the hollow structure with negligible optical loss (&amp;lt;0.25%) while imparting exceptional durability. The coating maintains &amp;gt;98% transmittance after undergoing three separate durability tests: 80 abrasion cycles (500 g load), five sand impacts, and high-pressure water jetting. This work provides a universal pathway for fabricating multifunctional AR coatings with tailorable indices and superior durability for demanding outdoor photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c09995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:10:26Z","timestamp":1785849026000},"page":"43449-43458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interfacial Chemical Welding of Component-Tailored Silica Networks for Durable Antireflective Coatings"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0338-9157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuqiang","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350118"]},{"name":"Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350108"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2650-4168","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuohui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350118"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinfuxing Glass Industrial Group Co., Ltd. , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350314"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350118"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinfuxing Glass Industrial Group Co., Ltd. , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350314"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinfuxing Glass Industrial Group Co., Ltd. , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350314"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangfang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350118"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"2026081200092607400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202304338","article-title":"Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: An Overview of the Current Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.10.157","article-title":"One-step synthesis of SiO2 nanomesh for antireflection and self-cleaning of solar cell","volume":"630","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2023.131424","article-title":"Hollow core-shell nanocoatings with gradient refractive index structure for enhanced photovoltaic performance","volume":"667","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.157980","article-title":"Hybrid silicon dioxide\u2013carbon nanotube superhydrophobic surfaces: Great wear resistance and excellent de-icing capability","volume":"502","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.174493","article-title":"Construction of multifunctional PVA\/PA\/SiO2 hydrophilic anti-fogging coating with anti-icing, flame-retardant, self-cleaning, and self-healing properties","volume":"532","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2016.07.042","article-title":"Hydrophobic antireflective coatings with ultralow refractive index synthesized by deposition of methylated hollow silica nanoparticles","volume":"183","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2019.109939","article-title":"Mechanically robust and self-cleaning antireflection coatings from nanoscale binding of hydrophobic silica nanoparticles","volume":"200","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2022.170030","article-title":"A novel ultra-low refractive index photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance","volume":"271","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2015.09.041","article-title":"Highly porous, ultra-low refractive index coatings produced through random packing of silicated cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"487","author":"Buskens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.016","article-title":"Preparation of broadband antireflective coatings with ultra-low refractive index layer by sol-gel method","volume":"176","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.01.013","article-title":"One-step sol-gel preparation of ultralow-refractive-index porous coatings with mulberry-like hollow silica nanostructures","volume":"341","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2026081200092607400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2006.08.014","article-title":"Fast fabrication of hollow silica spheres with thermally stable nanoporous shells","volume":"98","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2013.12.038","article-title":"Preparation of hydrophobic and abrasion-resistant silica antireflective coatings by using a cationic surfactant to regulate surface morphologies","volume":"101","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2022.108998","article-title":"Hydrophobic anti-reflective silica hybrid film with tunable refractive index","volume":"159","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125810","article-title":"Preparation of antireflective coatings with moisture resistance and a widely tunable refractive index by combining the sol-gel method with evaporation concentration","volume":"318","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.03.013","article-title":"A facile dip-coating approach based on three silica sols to fabrication of broadband antireflective superhydrophobic coatings","volume":"400","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081200092607400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.03.125","article-title":"Improvement of hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles synthesis by hard-templating method via CTAB surfactant","volume":"45","author":"Khoeini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081200092607400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c03121","article-title":"Synthesis of Monodispersed Hollow Mesoporous Organosilica and Silica Nanoparticles with Controllable Shell Thickness Using Soft and Hard Templates","volume":"39","author":"Fujii","year":"2023","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2016.04.051","article-title":"Synthesis of shape-controlled hollow silica nanostructures with a simple soft-templating method and their application as superhydrophobic antireflective coatings with ultralow refractive indices","volume":"501","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081200092607400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2019.11.242","article-title":"Template-free synthesis of uniform hollow silica nanoparticles for controllable antireflection coatings","volume":"46","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.162228","article-title":"Antireflective and anti-dust modified silica based thin film on solar cell cover glass","volume":"892","author":"Salehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081200092607400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1021\/am405258d","article-title":"Multifunctional Antireflection Coatings Based on Novel Hollow Silica\u2013Silica Nanocomposites","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2024.113009","article-title":"Mechanically robust and self-cleaning antireflective coatings for photovoltaic modules","volume":"275","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"issue":"42","key":"2026081200092607400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23769","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b08404","article-title":"Controlling the Nanocontact Nature and the Mechanical Properties of a Silica Nanoparticle Assembly","volume":"121","author":"Avice","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081200092607400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14754","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c05592","article-title":"Porous but Mechanically Robust All-Inorganic Antireflective Coatings Synthesized using Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity","volume":"16","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145234","article-title":"Designing multifunctional silica coatings for enhanced broadband antireflection and microfiber contamination sensing","volume":"473","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149319","article-title":"Construction of transparent, robust and haze-selectable superhydrophobic coatings with honeycomb structure","volume":"483","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127553","article-title":"Fabrication of single-layer antireflective coating with environmental stability by modified SiO2 mixed sol","volume":"630","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2025.108967","article-title":"High-durability polydimethylsiloxane\/quartz@SiO2 superhydrophobic coating with enhanced mechanical robustness and wear resistance","volume":"152","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081200092607400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c21623","article-title":"Scalable and Mechanically Durable Superhydrophobic Coating of SiO2\/Polydimethylsiloxane\/Epoxy Nanocomposite","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081200092607400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6902","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136902","article-title":"Non-Covalent Interaction on the Self-Healing of Mechanical Properties in Supramolecular Polymers","volume":"23","author":"Buaksuntear","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081200092607400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-023-01062-1","article-title":"Preparation of highly transparent and wear-resistant SiO2 coating by alkali\/acid dual catalyzed sol-gel method","volume":"38","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2022.113246","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel multi-layer silica thin films with tailored mesostructure as anti-reflective coatings","volume":"135","author":"Hassan-Aghaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2026081200092607400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2011.05.023","article-title":"Synthesis of hydrophobic mesoporous silica films using poly(dimethylsiloxane)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PDMS-PEO) as co-template","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081200092607400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10934-016-0257-1","article-title":"Controlled-release drug carriers based mesoporous silica spheres with hierarchical hollow\/nano structure","volume":"24","author":"Teng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Porous Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081200092607400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.11.089","article-title":"Effect of PAA on the structure and transmittance of hollow spherical SiO2 film prepared by sol-gel method","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"2026081200092607400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.165850","article-title":"Broadband anti-reflective coatings with anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties for enhancing photovoltaic efficiency","volume":"520","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081200092607400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35405a","article-title":"Synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticles","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6c09995","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/31\/43449\/66287582\/am-2026-099957.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/31\/43449\/66287582\/am-2026-099957.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:14:22Z","timestamp":1786522462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/18\/31\/43449\/5234399\/Interfacial-Chemical-Welding-of-Component-Tailored"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6c09995","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}