{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:44:45Z","timestamp":1792784685795,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"38","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008783","name":"National Research Council of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GTL24043-000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GTL24043-000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2025-24533987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-24533987"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)","award":["26E0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26E0020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hopfield networks offer a hardware-friendly framework for energy-efficient associative memory, yet their practical realization in memristor crossbar arrays is critically hindered by device-to-device (D2D) variability, which prevents reliable parallel programming. Here, we address this bottleneck through systematic composition engineering of the Ge\u2013Te solid electrolyte in conductive bridge random access memory (CBRAM) devices. By varying the Ge:Te ratio, we identify Ge3.5Te1 as an optimal composition, exhibiting the smallest average coefficient of variation in characteristic parameters compared to GeSe-based devices. Raman spectroscopy reveals that this improvement is associated with a narrower distribution of Ge-centered tetrahedral coordination environments, which we propose narrows the spread of Cu+ migration barriers and thereby renders filament formation more reproducible. Combining this electrolyte optimization with pore-size scaling to 200 nm, we fabricate a selector-free 16 \u00d7 16 Cu\/Ge3.5Te1 CBRAM crossbar array and demonstrate a 4 \u00d7 4 Hopfield-type associative network capable of learning and recalling binary pattern pairs via fully parallel programming using a half-selection scheme. Successful pattern recall is achieved for up to two stored associations despite the absence of selector elements, establishing a proof-of-concept for selector-free hardware implementations of associative memory. These results highlight the critical role of electrolyte bonding structure in determining memristor uniformity and provide a materials-driven pathway toward scalable, parallel neuromorphic computing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c11473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:03:11Z","timestamp":1789995791000},"page":"52555-52563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrolyte Bonding Engineering for Highly Uniform GeTe-Based CBRAM and Parallel Hebbian Learning in Selector-Free Hopfield-Type Associative Networks"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jiin","family":"Bang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyeong","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]},{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4666-3566","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Unhyeon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]},{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungmin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]},{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]},{"name":"Korea University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02841"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8321-178X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaehyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]},{"name":"Korea University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02841"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Younghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jae","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongsik","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YeonJoo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Keuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5147-6821","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suyoun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Seoul, Korea, 02792"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026093002065704500_cit1","article-title":"Attention is all you need","volume":"30","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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