{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:45:04Z","timestamp":1792784704643,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007194","name":"Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GK20250184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK20250184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017599","name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025E10011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025E10011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017599","name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025ZY01095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZY01095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LMS26E030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMS26E030002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation","award":["2024MK050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MK050"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00aaqtw69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State Administration for Market Regulation","award":["2025MK054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025MK054"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00aaqtw69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["32271373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271373"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52271252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271252"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["U24A20762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20762"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mimicking the nanotopographical and electrical characteristics of the native bone interface provides an effective strategy for designing biomimetic bone repair materials. In this study, a PVTF-ZNR composite film was developed to establish a coupled topographical\u2013electrical biomimetic microenvironment by constructing low-exposure-height zinc oxide nanorod (ZNR) arrays on the surface of a poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVTF) electroactive film followed by electrical poling. The low-exposed ZNR structures provided bone-inspired nanoscale topographical cues and promoted the crystallization of the surrounding PVTF, while the poled PVTF matrix enabled tunable overall surface potentials and a stable ZNR\/PVTF heterogeneous potential distribution. Biological evaluations showed that the introduction of surface nanostructures enhanced the interfacial responsiveness of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), accompanied by the simultaneous upregulation of M1- and M2-related phenotypic markers and cytokines. Under positive poling, the larger positive surface potential change further suppressed pro-inflammatory signals and enhanced the secretion of anti-inflammatory and repair-related factors in highly activated BMDMs, leading to a more pronounced M2 phenotypic bias. Consequently, a pro-reparative osteoimmune microenvironment was established, which promoted the adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). These results indicate that the PVTF-ZNR composite film can regulate macrophage activation and phenotypic bias through the synergistic effects of nanotopographical cues and surface potential modulation. This work highlights the potential of coupled topographical\u2013electrical biomimetic interfaces for osteoimmune microenvironment regulation during bone defect repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c11748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:01:30Z","timestamp":1788771690000},"page":"48813-48827","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electroactive Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene)-Zinc Oxide Nanorod Films for Macrophage Polarization Regulation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengwei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]},{"name":"Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University , ,","place":["Wenzhou, China, 325006"]},{"name":"Zhejiang Institute of Quality Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]},{"name":"Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University , ,","place":["Wenzhou, China, 325006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]},{"name":"Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University , ,","place":["Wenzhou, China, 325006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Institute of Quality Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuzhao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]},{"name":"Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University , ,","place":["Wenzhou, China, 325006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-7284","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenjian","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]},{"name":"Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University , ,","place":["Wenzhou, China, 325006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4828-6450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kui","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310027"]},{"name":"Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University , ,","place":["Wenzhou, China, 325006"]},{"name":"Zhejiang Institute of Quality Sciences , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026092321461988000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engreg.2022.09.004","article-title":"Mimicking the native bone regenerative microenvironment for in situ repair of large physiological and pathological bone defects","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Regener."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0073-y","article-title":"Effect of the nano\/microscale structure of biomaterial scaffolds on bone regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026092321461988000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201600626","article-title":"Hierarchical Structures of Bone and Bioinspired Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.03.045","article-title":"Human bone ultrastructure in 3D: Multimodal correlative study combining nanoscale X-ray computed tomography and quantitative polarized Raman spectroscopy","volume":"198","author":"Kochetkova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026092321461988000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24710","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04633","article-title":"Ultrastructure and Nanoporosity of Human Bone Shown with Correlative On-Axis Electron and Spectroscopic Tomographies","volume":"17","author":"Micheletti","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62484-3","article-title":"Effects of bone surface topography and chemistry on macrophage polarization","volume":"14","author":"\u00d6zcolak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-873-K13.1","article-title":"Surface Roughness Values Closer to Bone for Titania Nanoparticle\/Poly-lactic-co-glycolic Acid (PLGA) Composites Increases Bone Cell Adhesion","volume":"873","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc. Libr."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120280","article-title":"Electrical stimulation and piezoelectric biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"258","author":"Khare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"45","key":"2026092321461988000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10221","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01601B","article-title":"Mimicking the electrophysiological microenvironment of bone tissue using electroactive materials to promote its regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026092321461988000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411209","article-title":"Advances in Electrical Materials for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration: Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bea.2023.100107","article-title":"Biomimetic bone grafts and substitutes: A review of recent advancements and applications","volume":"6","author":"Feroz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Adv."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026092321461988000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000208","article-title":"3D Printing of Bioinspired Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092321461988000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10101187","article-title":"Bionic Design, Materials and Performance of Bone Tissue Scaffolds","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02578-2","article-title":"3D nanofiber scaffolds from 2D electrospun membranes boost cell penetration and positive host response for regenerative medicine","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2025.100099","article-title":"Advancing biomimetic bone Scaffolds: From electrospun 2D membranes to functional 3D nanofiber constructs","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Technol."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2024.153","article-title":"The use of bone morphogenic protein and related therapies in the management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthet. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092321461988000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2025.11.007","article-title":"The landscape of ion-releasing biomaterials: from preclinical insights to clinical studies","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092321461988000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202204502","article-title":"Electroactive Biomaterials for Facilitating Bone Defect Repair under Pathological Conditions","volume":"10","author":"Heng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102131","article-title":"Chiral gold nanoparticles manipulate osteoimmune microenvironment via macrophage autophagy for bone regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136375","article-title":"An immunomodulatory and osteogenic bacterial cellulose scaffold for bone regeneration via regulating the immune microenvironment","volume":"281","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092321461988000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304641","article-title":"Smart-Responsive Multifunctional Therapeutic System for Improved Regenerative Microenvironment and Accelerated Bone Regeneration via Mild Photothermal Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.03.038","article-title":"Macrophage phenotypes in tissue repair and the foreign body response: Implications for biomaterial-based regenerative medicine strategies","volume":"133","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092321461988000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.04.017","article-title":"Promoting musculoskeletal system soft tissue regeneration by biomaterial-mediated modulation of macrophage polarization","volume":"6","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.02.023","article-title":"Harnessing the innate and adaptive immune system for tissue repair and regeneration: Considering more than macrophages","volume":"133","author":"Shanley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026092321461988000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.02.034","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: An opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092321461988000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071545","article-title":"Macrophage Phenotypes Regulate Scar Formation and Chronic Wound Healing","volume":"18","author":"Hesketh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.03.062","article-title":"Attributes of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages","volume":"224","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026092321461988000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13171428","article-title":"Roles of M1 Macrophages and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113632","article-title":"Graphene oxide-doped chiral dextro-hydrogel promotes peripheral nerve repair through M2 polarization of macrophages","volume":"233","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S423819","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization and the Regulation of Bone Immunity in Bone Homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.681710","article-title":"Macrophage Related Chronic Inflammation in Non-Healing Wounds","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092321461988000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.97335","article-title":"Bioinspired soft-hard combined system with mild photothermal therapeutic activity promotes diabetic bone defect healing via synergetic effects of immune activation and angiogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac065","article-title":"Immunomodulatory biomaterial-based wound dressings advance the healing of chronic wounds via regulating macrophage behavior","volume":"9","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092321461988000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122085","article-title":"Inflammation in Chronic Wounds","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026092321461988000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.102779","article-title":"Multifunctional injectable hydrogel system as a mild photothermal-assisted therapeutic platform for programmed regulation of inflammation and osteo-microenvironment for enhanced healing of diabetic bone defects in situ","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092321461988000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202510733","article-title":"Polyphenol-Derived Nanoarmor-Functionalized Photothermal Hydrogel Platform for Programmed Modulation of the Regenerative Microenvironment and Bone Defect Healing","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092321461988000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202111003","article-title":"Advanced Biomaterials for Regulating Polarization of Macrophages in Wound Healing","volume":"32","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092321461988000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202004172","article-title":"Tailoring Materials for Modulation of Macrophage Fate","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092321461988000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2015.01.019","article-title":"Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: a review and suggested design principles","volume":"18","author":"Sridharan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"issue":"44","key":"2026092321461988000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201909331","article-title":"Advanced Strategies for Modulation of the Material\u2013Macrophage Interface","volume":"30","author":"Davenport Huyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026092321461988000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf6654","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage polarization through surface topography design to facilitate implant-to-bone osteointegration","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.11.024","article-title":"The influence of nanotopography on cell behaviour through interactions with the extracellular matrix \u2013 A review","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"issue":"46","key":"2026092321461988000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18129","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR05913B","article-title":"Nanotopography-based strategy for the precise manipulation of osteoimmunomodulation in bone regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092321461988000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4494","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07808","article-title":"Tuning Chemistry and Topography of Nanoengineered Surfaces to Manipulate Immune Response for Bone Regeneration Applications","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109883","article-title":"Surface potential and charges impact on cell responses on biomaterials interfaces for medical applications","volume":"104","author":"Metwally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092321461988000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c16509","article-title":"Protein Adsorption on Surfaces Functionalized with COOH Groups Promotes Anti-inflammatory Macrophage Responses","volume":"13","author":"Buck","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026092321461988000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201800675","article-title":"Unveiling the Mechanism of Surface Hydrophilicity-Modulated Macrophage Polarization","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092321461988000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.01.007","article-title":"Integrin-directed modulation of macrophage responses to biomaterials","volume":"35","author":"Zaveri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092321461988000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MR0318-126R","article-title":"Biophysical regulation of macrophages in health and disease","volume":"106","author":"Meli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092321461988000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM01604G","article-title":"Polarization behavior of bone marrow-derived macrophages on charged P(VDF-TrFE) coatings","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092321461988000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c01989","article-title":"Scaffold-Based Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Its Copolymers: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Applications, and Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092321461988000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9070952","article-title":"Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Based Fibrous Scaffolds with Piezoelectric Characteristics for Bone and Neural Tissue Engineering","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"35","key":"2026092321461988000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202406192","article-title":"Piezoelectric Biomaterials Inspired by Nature for Applications in Biomedicine and Nanotechnology","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.08.043","article-title":"Piezoelectric polymers as biomaterials for tissue engineering applications","volume":"136","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2025.100121","article-title":"Wireless bioelectric stimulation for bone regeneration using magnetoelectric PVDF\/BaTiO3 \u2013 Fe80Ga20 laminates","volume":"12","author":"Viraji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedical Technology"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112980","article-title":"Polarized P(VDF-TrFE) film promotes skin wound healing through controllable surface potential","volume":"221","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026092321461988000_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12121947","article-title":"A Facile Synthesis of P(VDF-TrFE)-Coated-PMMA Janus Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026092321461988000_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228836","article-title":"Recent Advances in Zinc Oxide Nanostructures with Antimicrobial Activities","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15010061","article-title":"Potential of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures in Biosensor Application","volume":"15","author":"Maafa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092321461988000_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11100493","article-title":"Application of ZnO-Based Nanocomposites for Vaccines and Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1062562","article-title":"The Advancing of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications","volume":"2018","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026092321461988000_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/accc35","article-title":"Multifunctional ZnO nanostructures: a next generation nanomedicine for cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, bioimaging, and tissue regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2022.107513","article-title":"Study on preparation process and enhanced piezoelectric performance of pine-needle-like ZnO@PVDF composite nanofibers","volume":"108","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092321461988000_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-017-1549-8","article-title":"Electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene)\/zinc oxide nanocomposite tissue engineering scaffolds with enhanced cell adhesion and blood vessel formation","volume":"10","author":"Augustine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092321461988000_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.12.055","article-title":"Contributions of surface topography and cytotoxicity to the macrophage response to zinc oxide nanorods","volume":"31","author":"Zaveri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2025.132125","article-title":"A facile synthesis of density-tunable ZnO nanorod-array on PVTF film for biomedical application","volume":"506","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026092321461988000_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201500856","article-title":"Micropatterned P(VDF-TrFE) Film-Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerators for Highly Sensitive Self-Powered Pressure Sensors","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092321461988000_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3937","article-title":"Materials as stem cell regulators","volume":"13","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092321461988000_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-024-03616-8","article-title":"The Molecular Mechanism of Macrophages in Response to Mechanical Stress","volume":"53","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.108473","article-title":"Integrin\u03b21\/FAK\/ERK signalling pathway is essential for Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis hemocyte survival","volume":"132","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106551","article-title":"Exosomes from high glucose-treated macrophages activate macrophages andinduce inflammatory responses via NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo","volume":"84","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121859","article-title":"Nuclear transport of STAT6 determines the matrix rigidity dependent M2 activation of macrophages","volume":"290","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02508-7","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of voltage-dependent potassium channel subtype 13 blockade in alleviating macrophage-related renal inflammation and fibrogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"2026092321461988000_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1149336","article-title":"Mechanosensitive Piezo1 protein as a novel regulator in macrophages and macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026092321461988000_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.151068","article-title":"TRPM7 regulates proliferation and polarisation of macrophages","volume":"127","author":"Schilling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31935-8","article-title":"Calcium\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV promotes imiquimod-induced psoriatic inflammation via macrophages and keratinocytes in mice","volume":"13","author":"Yong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-024-00689-6","article-title":"Cell signaling and transcriptional regulation of osteoblast lineage commitment, differentiation, bone formation, and homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.02.024","article-title":"High-resolution AFM imaging of intact and fractured trabecular bone","volume":"35","author":"Hassenkam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-024-01536-9","article-title":"Unleashing the Potential of Electroactive Hybrid Biomaterials and Self-Powered Systems for Bone Therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092321461988000_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14010115","article-title":"PVTF Nanoparticles\/PLA Electroactive Degradable Membrane for Bone Tissue Regeneration","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092321461988000_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-023-02886-1","article-title":"Recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"46","author":"Asif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092321461988000_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202503986","article-title":"Time-Dependent Photothermal Modulation on Electroactive Gr\/PVTF Composite Films for Enhancing Bone Regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6c11748","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/36\/48813\/68400391\/am-2026-11748v.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/36\/48813\/68400391\/am-2026-11748v.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:10:05Z","timestamp":1790237405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/18\/36\/48813\/5422160\/Electroactive-Poly-Vinylidene-Fluoride"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6c11748","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}}}