{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:36:51Z","timestamp":1786523811638,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1503800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1503800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025J011007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025J011007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JYB2025XDXM201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYB2025XDXM201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22272142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22272142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22472144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22472144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22525042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22525042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22539001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22539001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U25A20558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A20558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Industry-University-Research Joint Innovation Project of Fujian Province","award":["2024H6023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024H6023"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology","award":["KF 2401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF 2401"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding the molecular origins of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity on Pt-based catalysts is essential for the rational design of high-performance electrocatalysts. Herein, by combining electrochemical measurements with in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), we systematically investigate the ORR pathway on Pt-based alloy nanocatalysts incorporating different transition metals to elucidate how surface oxygenated intermediates dictate ORR activity. Among the catalysts examined, PtNi exhibited higher activity than PtFe, PtCo, and commercial Pt\/C, underscoring the pronounced sensitivity of intrinsic ORR activity to alloy composition. Potential-dependent in situ Raman spectra, corroborated by isotopic labeling, directly identified *OOH as a key ORR intermediate and established a clear correlation between its vibrational frequency and catalytic activity. The results suggest that Ni alloying may modify the electronic environment of Pt, thereby weakening the Pt-O interaction, optimizing the adsorption state of the kinetically relevant *OOH intermediate, and consequently promoting ORR kinetics. This study establishes an effective spectroscopic platform for probing ORR intermediates on realistic electrocatalyst surfaces and offers molecular-level understanding of the activity enhancement in Pt-based alloy catalysts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c12246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:09:38Z","timestamp":1785848978000},"page":"42780-42788","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Situ Raman Spectroscopy Correlates *OOH Intermediates with Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pt-Based Nanocatalysts"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lie","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Lin","family":"A","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-Chi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7207-7486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bing-Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6306-1359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinxuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology , , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116024"]},{"name":"Liaoning Binhai Laboratory , ,","place":["Dalian, China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9588-9030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]},{"name":"Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-6856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian-Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361005"]},{"name":"Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]},{"name":"Minnan Normal University , , ,","place":["Zhangzhou, China, 363000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026081200063376000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202009070","article-title":"Recent Progress of Vacancy Engineering for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Related Applications","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081200063376000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202003075","article-title":"Design of Local Atomic Environments in Single-Atom Electrocatalysts for Renewable Energy Conversions","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081200063376000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-024-01901-4","article-title":"Metal Bond Strength Regulation Enables Large-scale Synthesis of Intermetallic Nanocrystals for Practical Fuel Cells","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081200063376000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00488","article-title":"Advanced Platinum-Based Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad162","article-title":"Intrinsic Spin Shielding Effect in Platinum-rare-earth Alloy Boosts Oxygen Reduction Activity","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081200063376000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00454","article-title":"Noble-Metal Nanocrystals with Controlled Shapes for Catalytic and Electrocatalytic Applications","volume":"121","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9458","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53808-y","article-title":"Carbon-anchoring Synthesis of Pt1Ni1@Pt\/C Core-shell Catalysts for Stable Oxygen Reduction Reaction","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51280-2","article-title":"High Vacancy Formation Energy Boosts the Stability of Structurally Ordered PtMg in Hydrogen Fuel Cells","volume":"15","author":"Gyan-Barimah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081200063376000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9463","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b02286","article-title":"Dual-Site Cascade Oxygen Reduction Mechanism on SnOx\/Pt-Cu-Ni for Promoting Reaction Kinetics","volume":"141","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026081200063376000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202006292","article-title":"Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081200063376000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-024-01279-1","article-title":"Coupled Cation-electron Transfer at the Pt(111)\/Perfluoro-sulfonic Acid Ionomer Interface and its Impact on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081200063376000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201901279","article-title":"Sub-3 nm Intermetallic Ordered Pt3In Clusters for Oxygen Reduction Reaction","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14874","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c03321","article-title":"Role of Transition Metals in Pt Alloy Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081200063376000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28346-0","article-title":"Manipulating the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Pathway on Pt-coordinated Motifs","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081200063376000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44788-0","article-title":"Identifying the Distinct Roles of Dual Dopants in Stabilizing the Platinum-nickel Nanowire Catalyst for Durable Fuel Cell","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081200063376000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1039\/c8ee02939c","article-title":"Pt-Based Electrocatalysts with High Atom Utilization Efficiency: from Nanostructures to Single Atoms","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081200063376000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1039\/c9cs00880b","article-title":"Electrochemically Active Sites Inside Crystalline Porous Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion","volume":"49","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-022-00797-0","article-title":"Experimental Sabatier Plot for Predictive Design of Active and Stable Pt-alloy Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081200063376000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8682","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b01772","article-title":"Effect of Ionic Liquid Modification on the ORR Performance and Degradation Mechanism of Trimetallic PtNiMo\/C Catalysts","volume":"9","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1039\/d3cs00669g","article-title":"Local Reaction Environment in Electrocatalysis","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081200063376000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201802923","article-title":"Application of In Situ Techniques for the Characterization of NiFe-Based Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) Electrocatalysts","volume":"58","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081200063376000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c10017","article-title":"Oxidation State and Surface Reconstruction of Cu under CO2 Reduction Conditions from In Situ X-ray Characterization","volume":"143","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081200063376000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00515","article-title":"Oxygen Evolution\/Reduction Reaction Catalysts: From In Situ Monitoring and Reaction Mechanisms to Rational Design","volume":"123","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-023-00947-y","article-title":"Three-dimensional Nanoimaging of Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers","volume":"6","author":"Girod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EY00168K","article-title":"Progress in In Situ Characterization of Electrocatalysis of Electrocatalysis","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"EES Catal."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081200063376000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00396","article-title":"In Situ\/Operando Electrocatalyst Characterization by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy","volume":"121","author":"Timoshenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081200063376000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5248","DOI":"10.1039\/d4cs01199f","article-title":"Selective Two-electron and Four-electron Oxygen Reduction Reactions using Co-based Electrocatalysts","volume":"54","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081200063376000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12135","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00372","article-title":"The Role of In Situ\/Operando IR Spectroscopy in Unraveling Adsorbate-Induced Structural Changes in Heterogeneous Catalysis","volume":"123","author":"Groppo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081200063376000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00220","article-title":"Surface and Interface Control in Nanoparticle Catalysis","volume":"120","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081200063376000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902249","article-title":"Tuning Surface Structure of Pd3Pb\/PtnPb Nanocrystals for Boosting the Methanol Oxidation Reaction","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081200063376000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1039\/d4cs00883a","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Half-century Historical Perspective","volume":"54","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2026081200063376000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16576","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202104114","article-title":"Sub-second Time-resolved Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Reveals Dynamic CO Intermediates during Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Copper","volume":"60","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081200063376000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5998","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c11370","article-title":"Convergence of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with Molecular Diagnostics: A Perspective on Future Directions","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"48","key":"2026081200063376000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20525","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.4c07390","article-title":"Celebrating 50 Years of Surface Enhanced Spectroscopy","volume":"128","author":"Brolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081200063376000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1021\/ja017406b","article-title":"Transition Metal-coated Nanoparticle Films: Vibrational Characterization with Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering","volume":"124","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081200063376000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-020-00511-y","article-title":"Nanometre-scale Spectroscopic Visualization of Catalytic Sites during A Hydrogenation Reaction on A Pd\/Au Bimetallic Catalyst","volume":"3","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081200063376000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0292-z","article-title":"In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Evidence for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Intermediates at Platinum Single-crystal Surfaces","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"issue":"7287","key":"2026081200063376000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08907","article-title":"Shell-isolated Nanoparticle-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"464","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081200063376000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00596","article-title":"Core-Shell Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081200063376000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202117834","article-title":"Unmasking the Critical Role of the Ordering Degree of Bimetallic Nanocatalysts on Oxygen Reduction Reaction by In Situ Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"6318","key":"2026081200063376000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah6133","article-title":"Biaxially Strained PtPb\/Pt Core\/shell Nanoplate Boosts Oxygen Reduction Catalysis","volume":"354","author":"Bu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6c12246","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/31\/42780\/66286378\/am-2026-12246q.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/31\/42780\/66286378\/am-2026-12246q.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:14:28Z","timestamp":1786522468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/18\/31\/42780\/5234326\/In-Situ-Raman-Spectroscopy-Correlates-OOH"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6c12246","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}