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This study reports a modular, cleanroom-free workflow for fabricating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chips with capacitively coupled 3D liquid metal (EGaIn) electrodes using digital light processing (DLP)-printed molds. The process achieves sub-day turnaround at electrode resolutions of \u223c200 \u00b5m, which extends to \u223c25 \u00b5m via a hybrid DLP\/two-photon polymerization approach. A \u223c150 \u00b5m PDMS dielectric barrier isolates the electrodes from the culture medium to eliminate faradaic reactions. COMSOL and ANSYS HFSS simulations show uniform electric fields of 27\u2013108 V\/m (three-channel chip) and (1.72\u20132.63) \u00d7 103 V\/m (five-channel chip) across the culture chamber. Platform performance was validated across multiple cell types and culture formats. Stimulus-evoked calcium signaling was demonstrated in 50B11 dorsal root ganglion neurons (2D and 3D collagen) and in primary cortical neurons. Daily stimulation (\u223c4.68 \u00d7 103 V\/m, 60 kHz) of OCY454 osteocytes in 3D collagen resulted in an 8-fold increase in cell proliferation (compared to 2-fold in controls) and a significant reduction in sclerostin expression. An automated pipeline combining Cellpose segmentation with hierarchical clustering identified three distinct cell subpopulations based on their calcium signaling dynamics. These results establish a customizable, cleanroom-free platform for delivering quantified 3D electrical fields to diverse cell cultures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c13015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:01:34Z","timestamp":1790949694000},"page":"54515-54531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cleanroom-Free Microfluidic Chips with Capacitively Coupled 3D Liquid-Metal Electrodes as a Platform Technology for Controlled Electrical Field Stimulation of 2D and 3D Cell Cultures"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3037-4719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ujjwal","family":"Aryal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]},{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Laca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]},{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Napalit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]},{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Polshchikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]},{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Khatibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]},{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Younes","family":"Ra\u2019di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senem","family":"Velipasalar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-0030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pranav","family":"Soman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]},{"name":"Syracuse University , , , ,","place":["Syracuse, NY, USA, 13244"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101404071491500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00143","article-title":"Endogenous electric fields as guiding cue for cell migration","volume":"6","author":"Funk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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