{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:13:54Z","timestamp":1788455634716,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004913","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B53C24006890001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B53C24006890001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Geopolymers are promising inorganic binders and alternative cementitious materials due to their high mechanical performance, durability, and reduced environmental impact in comparison with Portland cement. Nevertheless, the application of geopolymeric materials is limited due to the use of conventional alkaline activators, such as sodium hydroxide, which are associated with energy-intensive production and safety concerns. In this study, wood ash lye has been explored as a sustainable and low-cost alternative alkaline activator for the synthesis of geopolymers based on natural halloysite nanotubes, which represent the aluminosilicate precursors. The effects of the activator (wood ash lye or sodium hydroxide) and curing temperature (25 and 50 \u00b0C) on the structural, textural, mechanical, and durability-related properties of the geopolymeric materials have been investigated. Lye-activated geopolymers exhibit a more compact structure and reduced microporosity. Specifically, lye-activated samples cured at 50 \u00b0C exhibit superior mechanical stiffness, achieving a strain of 0.58% under 18 N compression compared to the NaOH-activated sample (2.83%), as well as a reduced moisture uptake (9.4 vs 13.0% after 72 h). Furthermore, lye activation provided enhanced thermal shielding, reducing the initial heating rate under flame exposure from 290 \u00b0C min\u20131 (pristine halloysite) to 35 \u00b0C min\u20131, while maintaining full structural integrity during water immersion testing, lower moisture uptake, and improved resistance to water immersion with respect to materials activated by sodium hydroxide. These findings demonstrate that wood ash lye is an effective alkaline activator and represents a viable strategy for biomass ash valorization and development of sustainable geopolymeric materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c14048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:02:11Z","timestamp":1787032931000},"page":"46691-46704","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wood Ash Lye as a Sustainable Alkaline Activator for Halloysite Nanotube-Based Geopolymers with Improved Performance and Durability"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4690-2311","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Lo Bianco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo , , Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina Maria","family":"Calvino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo , , Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]},{"name":"Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM , Via G. Giusti, 9 , ,","place":["Firenze, Italy, I-50121"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santa","family":"Fiorilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo , , Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u011bj","family":"B\u0159ezina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno University of Technology , , Purky\u0148ova 118 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 61200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hajzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno University of Technology , , Purky\u0148ova 118 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 61200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6954-2754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Lisuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo , , Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]},{"name":"Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM , Via G. Giusti, 9 , ,","place":["Firenze, Italy, I-50121"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-0161","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo , , Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]},{"name":"Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM , Via G. Giusti, 9 , ,","place":["Firenze, Italy, I-50121"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"\u0160iler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno University of Technology , , Purky\u0148ova 118 , ,","place":["Brno, Czech Republic, 61200"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lazzara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo , , Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17 , ,","place":["Palermo, Italy, 90128"]},{"name":"Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM , Via G. Giusti, 9 , ,","place":["Firenze, Italy, I-50121"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"26","key":"2026090311172862500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22809","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b03873","article-title":"Atomistic Simulations of Geopolymer Models: The Impact of Disorder on Structure and Mechanics","volume":"10","author":"Lolli","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090311172862500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27745","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c05927","article-title":"Surface Modification of Cured Inorganic Foams with Cationic Cellulose Nanocrystals and Their Use as Reactive Filter Media for Anionic Dye Removal","volume":"12","author":"Selk\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2026.04.047","article-title":"Halloysite-Based Geopolymerization for the Mineralization and Stabilization of Porous Wood","author":"Lo Bianco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"10, Part B","key":"2026090311172862500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.06.260","article-title":"Geopolymerization of Halloysite Clay Nanotubes Mixed with Hydroxypropyl Cellulose for Development of Composite Films with Flame Resistance Properties","volume":"52","author":"Lo Bianco","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311172862500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-014-0105-1","article-title":"Optimization of Geopolymer Properties by Coating of Fly-Ash Microparticles with Nanoclays","volume":"25","author":"Joshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2022-0015","article-title":"State of the Art of Geopolymers: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Castillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"E-Polym."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.140897","article-title":"Role of Halloysite Nanotubes in Modulating the Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics of Geopolymer Concrete under Thermal Curing","volume":"472","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2026.109933","article-title":"Recycling Industrial Waste into Sustainable High-Temperature Ceramics: A Review of Materials, Processing, and Circular Economy Strategies","volume":"30","author":"Khalil","year":"2026","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.74438","article-title":"Clay-Based Materials in Geopolymer Technology","volume-title":"Cement Based Materials","author":"Abdullah","year":"2018"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090311172862500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12851","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b00419","article-title":"Ultrahigh Self-Sensing Performance of Geopolymer Nanocomposites via Unique Interface Engineering","volume":"9","author":"Bi","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026090311172862500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22809","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b07990","article-title":"Superhydrophobic Coatings Prepared by the in Situ Growth of Silicone Nanofilaments on Alkali-Activated Geopolymers Surface","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2018.05.025","article-title":"Thermal Resistance of Fly Ash Based Rubberized Geopolymer Concrete","volume":"19","author":"Luhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090311172862500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31742","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c00679","article-title":"Multifunctional Radiative Cooling Geopolymer for Energy Saving in Buildings","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090311172862500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12125876","article-title":"Simple Compressive Strength Results of Sodium-Hydroxide- and Sodium-Silicate-Activated Copper Flotation Tailing Geopolymers","volume":"12","author":"Castillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090311172862500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min11121317","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Compressive Strength of Geopolymers: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Castillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtsust.2024.100742","article-title":"Investigating the Impact of Alkaline Activator on the Sustainability Potential of Geopolymer and Alternative Hybrid Materials","volume":"26","author":"Raza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090311172862500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01195","article-title":"Sodium Hydroxide Production from Seawater Desalination Brine: Process Design and Energy Efficiency","volume":"52","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2014.02.020","article-title":"Sodium Hydroxide Production from Sodium Carbonate and Bicarbonate Solutions Using Membrane Electrolysis: A Feasibility Study","volume":"127","author":"Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.12.031","article-title":"Brachythecium Rutabulum and Betula Pendula as Bioindicators of Heavy Metal Pollution around a Chlor-Alkali Plant in Poland","volume":"52","author":"Kolon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090311172862500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22542","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7405-7","article-title":"Environmental Quality Assessment of Reservoirs Impacted by Hg from Chlor-Alkali Technologies: Case Study of a Recovery","volume":"23","author":"Le Faucheur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02877-x","article-title":"A Clean and Membrane-Free Chlor-Alkali Process with Decoupled Cl2 and H2\/NaOH Production","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4028\/p-ME0X5u","article-title":"Development of User Friendly Geopolymer Mortar Using Wood Ash Lye as Alkaline Activator","volume":"159","author":"Isa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clcb.2025.100178","article-title":"Wood Ash as an Eco-Friendly Alternative for Sustainable Cement Replacement in Concrete","volume":"12","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clean. Circ. Bioeconomy"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090311172862500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su17114925","article-title":"Biomass Ash: A Review of Chemical Compositions and Management Trends","volume":"17","author":"Maj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311172862500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.13995","article-title":"Preparation and Application of a Surfactant-Modified Halloysite Nanotubes for the Adsorption of Nitrates from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies","volume":"42","author":"Fizir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026090311172862500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202504306","article-title":"Hollow Spherical Capsules From Geopolymerized Gel Beads With Halloysite Nanotubes for Pollutants Removal and CO2 Capture","volume":"21","author":"Lo Bianco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"47","key":"2026090311172862500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65192","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c20494","article-title":"Colorful Halloysite Clay Superhydrophobic Coating with Enhanced Photothermal Performance for Deicing Application","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.150697","article-title":"Chitosan\/Silver Nanoparticles Confined within Halloysite Nanotube Composite Sponge for Synergistic Antibacterial and Photothermal Therapy of Infected Diabetic Wounds","volume":"347","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"51","key":"2026090311172862500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69054","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c18393","article-title":"Nanoclay-Triggered In Situ Self-Gelling Yam Microparticles via Coagulation Activation for Robust Wet Tissue Adhesion and Instant Hemostasis","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14686996.2024.2327276","article-title":"Micropatterning of Biologically Derived Surfaces with Functional Clay Nanotubes","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.149332","article-title":"Halloysite Nanotubes Supported Co2P Bridged by Carbon Dots for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution from Ammonia Borane","volume":"483","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090311172862500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c14267","article-title":"Simultaneous Nanoconfinement and Catalysis in a Metal\u2013Halloysite Hybrid Sponge for Accelerated and Clean Hydrogen Production from Ammonia Borane","volume":"14","author":"Jiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2021.125506","article-title":"Palladated Chitosan-Halloysite Bead as an Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Lubricants","volume":"278","author":"alleshagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c19937","article-title":"Capture of Polysulfides Enabled by a Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Coated Halloysite Nanotube-Modified Separator to Enhance Performance for Lithium\u2013Sulfur Batteries","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090311172862500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28668","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c03368","article-title":"PVDF\/PANi@HNT Nanocomposite Membranes: Pioneering Solutions for Piezoelectric Sensing and Energy Harvesting Efficiency","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090311172862500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15003","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c22390","article-title":"Halloysite Nanotube-Assisted Morphology Engineering in Quasi-Solid-State Composite Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance and Flexible Lithium Metal Batteries","volume":"18","author":"Na","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090311172862500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14726","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c01861","article-title":"Hierarchical Oil\u2013Water\u2013Oil Pickering Double Emulsions Stabilized by Tubular Nanoparticles","volume":"148","author":"Guercio","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.11.173","article-title":"Halloysite Nanotubes as Nano-Support Matrix for Programming the Photo\/H2O Dual Triggered Reversible Gel Actuator","volume":"657","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122474","article-title":"Halloysite Nanotube-Based H2O2-Responsive Drug Delivery System with a Turn on Effect on Fluorescence for Real-Time Monitoring","volume":"380","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.173584","article-title":"Nanoselenium Anchored Halloysite Clay Nanotubes\/Sodium Alginate Composites Used as Seed Coatings to Promote Crop Growth","volume":"530","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2019.105375","article-title":"Geopolymerization of Halloysite via Alkali-Activation: Dependence of Microstructures on Precalcination","volume":"185","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311172862500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.11988","article-title":"Extraction and Quantitation of Various Potassium Salts in Straw Ash","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090311172862500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.023","article-title":"Effect of Curing Temperature on the Development of Hard Structure of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer","volume":"24","author":"Rovnan\u00edk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090311172862500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2010.12.049","article-title":"The Effect of Temperature on the Geopolymerization Process of a Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer","volume":"65","author":"Mu\u00f1iz-Villarreal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.057","article-title":"Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Behavior of Geopolymer Concrete and Portland Cement Concrete Containing Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials","volume":"200","author":"Pilehvar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"51","key":"2026090311172862500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202406812","article-title":"Flame-Resistant Inorganic Films by Self-Assembly of Clay Nanotubes and Their Conversion to Geopolymer for CO2 Capture","volume":"20","author":"Lo Bianco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit47","volume-title":"Elements Of X Ray Diffraction","author":"Cullity","year":"1956"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090311172862500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.7.4.115","article-title":"Note on a Method of Determining the Distribution of Pore Sizes in a Porous Material","volume":"7","author":"Washburn","year":"1921","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1351\/PAC-REP-10-11-19","article-title":"Liquid Intrusion and Alternative Methods for the Characterization of Macroporous Materials (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"84","author":"Rouquerol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2005.06.041","article-title":"Ash Properties of Some Dominant Greek Forest Species","volume":"437","author":"Liodakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.09.041","article-title":"An Overview of the Composition and Application of Biomass Ash. Part 1 Phase\u2013Mineral and Chemical Composition and Classification","volume":"105","author":"Vassilev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090311172862500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2009.10.022","article-title":"An Overview of the Chemical Composition of Biomass","volume":"89","author":"Vassilev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090311172862500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2743","article-title":"Characterization of the Organic Matter in Wood Ash from Biomass Power Plants in Relation to the Potential Use as Amendments in Agriculture","volume":"28","author":"Merino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2025.101045","article-title":"Constituents, Morphological and Thermal Stability Characteristics of Wood Ash and Wood Charcoal Microparticles for Composites Application","volume":"9","author":"Oladele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2019.05.023","article-title":"Thermal Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate (Calcite Polymorph) as Examined by in-Situ High-Temperature X-Ray Powder Diffraction","volume":"134","author":"Karunadasa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090311172862500_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(00)00604-3","article-title":"Nanocrystalline and Metastable Phase Formation in Vacuum Thermal Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate","volume":"363","author":"Dash","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090311172862500_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091834","article-title":"A Novel Experimental Study on the Rheological Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Halloysite Nanofluids","volume":"10","author":"Le Ba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090311172862500_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1007\/s42860-023-00223-x","article-title":"Effect of the SiO2\/Al2O3 Molar Ratio on the Microstructure and Properties of Clay-Based Geopolymers: A Comparative Study of Kaolinite-Based and Halloysite-Based Geopolymers","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2025.185458","article-title":"Invisible Near-Infrared Luminescent Marker Incorporating Egyptian Blue in Halloysite-Based Geopolymer Mortars: Applications in Covert Tagging","volume":"1050","author":"Bianco","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2022.106467","article-title":"A Study of Nanoconfined Water in Halloysite","volume":"221","author":"Santagata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090311172862500_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1039\/d3en00879g","article-title":"Composite Materials Based on Halloysite Clay Nanotubes and Cellulose from Posidonia Oceanica Sea Balls: From Films to Geopolymers","volume":"11","author":"Calvino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Nano"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090311172862500_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8060333","article-title":"Heat Treatment of Geopolymer Samples Obtained by Varying Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide as Constituent of Alkali Activator","volume":"8","author":"Kljajevi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2014.12.008","article-title":"The Effect of Chemical Modification on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Halloysite: FTIR, XRF, and XRD Studies","volume":"1084","author":"Szczepanik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2020.105763","article-title":"Thermal and Microbiological Performance of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers Cement with Waste Glass","volume":"197","author":"Catauro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311172862500_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.02.045","article-title":"Time-Resolved and Spatially-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopic Observation of Seeded Nucleation Controlling Geopolymer Gel Formation","volume":"357","author":"Hajimohammadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.023","article-title":"Re-Use of Waste Glass in Improving Properties of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers: Mechanical and Microstructure Examinations","volume":"132","author":"El-Naggar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.202100290","article-title":"Influence of the Addition of Waste Glass and Microbiological Performance of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers Cement","volume":"404","author":"Catauro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.058","article-title":"Influence of Sand on the Mechanical Properties of Metakaolin Geopolymers","volume":"66","author":"Kuenzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2024.107319","article-title":"Halloysite Clay Nanotubes: Innovative Applications by Smart Systems","volume":"251","author":"Fahimizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090311172862500_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102221","article-title":"Chitosan-Grafted Halloysite Nanotubes-Fe3O4 Composite for Laccase-Immobilization and Sulfamethoxazole-Degradation","volume":"12","author":"Kadam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090311172862500_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.05.116","article-title":"Synthesis of Kaolin-Based Alkali-Activated Cement: Carbon Footprint, Cost and Energy Assessment","volume":"9","author":"Ababneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090311172862500_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202405215","article-title":"Self-Standing Biohybrid Xerogels Incorporating Nanotubular Clays for Sustainable Removal of Pollutants","volume":"21","author":"Caruso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2017.12.044","article-title":"A Structural Comparison of Halloysite Nanotubes of Different Origin by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Electric Birefringence","volume":"160","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2012.06.014","article-title":"Characterisation of Properties of Various Halloysites Relevant to Their Use as Nanotubes and Microfibre Fillers","volume":"74","author":"Pasbakhsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2005.06.060","article-title":"Understanding the Relationship between Geopolymer Composition, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties","volume":"269","author":"Duxson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090311172862500_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13143211","article-title":"Revealing the Influence of Microparticles on Geopolymers\u2019 Synthesis and Porosity","volume":"13","author":"Burduhos Nergis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"2026090311172862500_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2024.135995","article-title":"Study of the Preparation and Properties of Hydrophobic and High Strength Geopolymers","volume":"360","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311172862500_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54944-1","article-title":"Low-Carbon Indoor Humidity Regulation via 3D-Printed Superhygroscopic Building Components","volume":"16","author":"Posani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090311172862500_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.19828","article-title":"Why Geopolymers and Alkali-Activated Materials Are Key Components of a Sustainable World: A Perspective Contribution","volume":"107","author":"Kriven","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090311172862500_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18194488","article-title":"Properties of Geopolymers Based on Fly Ash with the Addition of Asphalt from Road Surface Demolition","volume":"18","author":"Kozub","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials"}],"container-title":["ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsami.6c14048","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/34\/46691\/66742428\/am-2026-140483.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article-pdf\/18\/34\/46691\/66742428\/am-2026-140483.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:17:03Z","timestamp":1788452223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aamick\/article\/18\/34\/46691\/5268347\/Wood-Ash-Lye-as-a-Sustainable-Alkaline-Activator"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.6c14048","relation":{},"ISSN":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1944-8244","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8252","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]}}}