{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:50:39Z","timestamp":1791492639968,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-22-PEXD-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-22-PEXD-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-25-CE09-1353-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-25-CE09-1353-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-25-PEXD-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-25-PEXD-0015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101077402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101077402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) is an archetypal ferroelectric of broad technological relevance. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) offers compelling advantages for BTO thin film growth, such as superior crystalline quality and epitaxial integration with semiconductor substrates. However, the low oxygen partial pressures inherent to MBE environments, together with the challenges associated with precise stoichiometry control when using elemental sources, promote composition imbalances and oxygen vacancy formation and make MBE-grown BTO films significantly less documented than their pulsed laser deposition (PLD) or sputtered counterparts. Here, we present a detailed study of the ferroelectric response of an epitaxial MBE-grown BTO thin film, combining synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction with temperature- and frequency-dependent electrical characterizations, including the first Rayleigh analysis reported for an MBE-grown BTO layer and only the third direct demonstration of ferroelectricity in such films based on macroscopic P(E) and \u03b5(E) loops. The film exhibits a soft ferroelectric response\u2014low coercive field (12 kV\/cm), high tunability (\u224365%), and a large Rayleigh coefficient reflecting significant irreversible domain wall motion. We show that this response is governed by a landscape of weak oxygen vacancy pinning centers, whose effect is amplified by the high structural quality, full plastic relaxation, and pure c-oriented single-domain state of the film. These results provide a physically grounded picture of the ferroelectric response of MBE-grown BTO thin films, offering a solid basis for device optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c14883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:06:48Z","timestamp":1791482808000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ferroelectric Properties of MBE Grown BTO\/STO:Nb Layer"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2969-1453","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin","family":"Nadaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GREMAN UMR 7347, Universite\u0301 de Tours, CNRS, INSA-CVL , 16 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , ,","place":["Tours, France, 37071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1957-3084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bounab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon , Universite\u0301 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270 , ,","place":["\u00c9cully Cedex, France, 69134"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Ne\u0301el , ,","place":["Grenoble, France, 38000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite\u0301 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Ne\u0301el , ,","place":["Grenoble, France, 38000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne D.","family":"Lamirand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon , Universite\u0301 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270 , ,","place":["\u00c9cully Cedex, France, 69134"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2910-0449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romain","family":"Bachelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon , Universite\u0301 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270 , ,","place":["\u00c9cully Cedex, France, 69134"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GREMAN UMR 7347, Universite\u0301 de Tours, CNRS, INSA-CVL , 16 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , ,","place":["Tours, France, 37071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9215-4717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillaume F.","family":"Nataf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GREMAN UMR 7347, Universite\u0301 de Tours, CNRS, INSA-CVL , 16 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , ,","place":["Tours, France, 37071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustapha","family":"Zaghrioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GREMAN UMR 7347, Universite\u0301 de Tours, CNRS, INSA-CVL , 16 rue Pierre et Marie Curie , ,","place":["Tours, France, 37071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed-Ramzi","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMN UMR7374, CNRS & Universite\u0301 d\u2019Orle\u0301ans , Cedex 2 , ,","place":["Orleans, France, 45071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-396X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clarisse","family":"Furgeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon , Universite\u0301 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270 , ,","place":["\u00c9cully Cedex, France, 69134"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3669-3406","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Saint-Girons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon , Universite\u0301 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270 , ,","place":["\u00c9cully Cedex, France, 69134"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100814064106800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c05139","article-title":"Integration of Imprint-Free and Low Coercivity Ferroelectric BaTiO3 Thin Films on Silicon","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026100814064106800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-025-02158-1","article-title":"Barium titanate and lithium 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Mater."},{"key":"2026100814064106800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400254","article-title":"Enhancement of Ferroelectric Curie Temperature in BaTiO3 Films via Strain-Induced Defect Dipole Alignment","volume":"26","author":"Damodaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026100814064106800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0208-0","article-title":"Large Pockels effect in micro- and nanostructured barium titanate integrated on silicon","volume":"18","author":"Abel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026100814064106800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-matsci-082019-021824","article-title":"Ferroelectric and multiferroic oxide thin films for energy applications","volume":"50","author":"Bucsek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mater. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026100814064106800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(89)90342-4","article-title":"On the origin of RHEED intensity oscillations","volume":"95","author":"Petrich","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"2026100814064106800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14256","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.58.14256","article-title":"High-pressure Raman studies of polycrystalline BaTiO3","volume":"58","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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