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However, practical implementation remains challenging. Major barriers include insufficient catalytic sensitivity to quantify the low glucose levels in sweat, limited compatibility between nanomaterial synthesis and scalable manufacturing processes, and the lack of a biofluid microenvironment suitable for enzyme-free electrochemical sensing. Here, we address these challenges by combining strong interfacial anchoring on a conductive template with surfactant-assisted growth control to engineer high-aspect-ratio (\u223c100) 1D Ni\u2013TCPP MOF nanofibers as an active shell on MXene\u2013NH2. In contrast to conventional electrospinning-assisted approaches, the resulting 1D MOF shell is polymer-template-free and thus avoids insulating scaffold components. The resulting fluffy, self-supporting Ni-MOF@MXene architecture is inherently compatible with printed electronics, enabling large-area fabrication of wearable enzyme-free glucose-sensing patches. To overcome the constraints of enzyme-free sensing in physiological biofluids, we further develop an integrated system that combines microfluidics with a NaOH\/Nafion\/PVA alkaline sustained-release membrane, establishing a localized alkaline microenvironment within sweat to enable continuous analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c14970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:02:01Z","timestamp":1791576121000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interface-Programmed Growth of High-Aspect-Ratio 1D Ni\u2013MOF Nanofibers on MXene for Wearable Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensing"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University , , 308 Ningxia Road , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University , , 308 Ningxia Road , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shushuai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeungnam University , , 280 Daehak-ro , , ,","place":["Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea, 38541"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2648-2434","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gajanan A.","family":"Bodkhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeungnam University , , 280 Daehak-ro , , ,","place":["Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea, 38541"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoukun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University , , 308 Ningxia Road , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University , , 308 Ningxia Road , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulin","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University , , 308 Ningxia Road , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-1903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Se Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Konkuk University , , 120 Neungdong-ro , , ,","place":["Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 05029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Aerospace Weineng Technology Co., Ltd. , No. 699 Luosheng Street, Dongcheng Industrial Park , , ,","place":["Shouguang, Shandong, China, 262734"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University , , 308 Ningxia Road , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9102-4224","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sang Woo","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongmyong University , , 428 Sinseonro , , ,","place":["Namgu, Busan, Republic of Korea, 48520"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4013-3580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University , , 308 Ningxia Road , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3952-7064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chenhao","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao University , , 308 Ningxia Road , , ,","place":["Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266071"]},{"name":"Konkuk University , , 120 Neungdong-ro , , ,","place":["Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 05029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026100916015625200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201701150","article-title":"Enzyme-Based Glucose Sensor: From Invasive to Wearable Device","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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