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Herein, Ca2+-responsive polyacrylamide\/sodium alginate nanogel spheres (PAM\/SA NSGs) were developed as an environment-responsive nanogel system for Ca2+-rich porous media. In simulated formation water, SA\u2013Ca2+ coordination increased the apparent elastic modulus from 1.35 MPa for PAM NSGs to 3.45 MPa for PAM\/SA NSGs and enabled the composite nanogel spheres to retain their morphology after hydrothermal aging at 60 \u00b0C for 14 days. The PAM\/SA NSG emulsion dispersion reduced the crude-oil\/water interfacial tension from approximately 32 to 12.6 mN\u00b7m\u20131 and produced smaller and more stable emulsified droplets than the PAM control. Microfluidic visualization showed that PAM\/SA NSGs generated stronger pressure fluctuations, promoted flow redistribution toward less-swept pores, and increased displacement efficiency from 46.8% after water flooding to 65.3%. Post-displacement observations revealed stripe-like accumulation, surface deposition, and localized bridging without complete pore blockage, interfacial enrichment, and downstream migration of emulsified oil droplets, supporting the coupling of local flow regulation with in situ macroemulsion formation. Core flooding further showed that PAM\/SA NSGs maintained stronger flow-resistance regulation after aging and achieved a final oil recovery of 48.7%, representing a 13.5-percentage-point increase over water flooding. These results establish an environment-responsive nanogel strategy in which Ca2+, conventionally regarded as detrimental to chemical flooding, is repurposed as an environmental trigger for nanogel reinforcement to couple mechanical stability, interfacial regulation, and multiphase transport in low-permeability heterogeneous porous media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c16660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:01:27Z","timestamp":1792044087000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ca2+-Triggered Reinforcement of Polyacrylamide\/Sodium Alginate Composite Nanogel Spheres for Regulating Multiphase Transport in Low-Permeability Heterogeneous Porous Media"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3315-6389","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xukang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tinglei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haien","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Changqing Chemical Group Co., Ltd. , ,","place":["Xi\u2019an, China, 710018"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2592-7833","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongzhi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100029"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101502011614600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1231490","article-title":"Research on Property of Multicomponent Thickening Water Fracturing Fluid and Application in Low Permeability Oil Reservoirs","volume":"2018","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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