{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:50:52Z","timestamp":1791975052575,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GZC20241681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20241681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Always-on voice-command recognition is important for smart-home control and human\u2013machine interaction, but continuous acoustic sensing, edge inference, and wireless transmission can rapidly drain batteries. Here, we report a low-power, self-sustained acoustic node for always-on voice-command detection and recognition that integrates triboelectric acoustic wake-up and sensing, hierarchical edge artificial intelligence (edge AI), on-demand Bluetooth transmission, photovoltaic energy harvesting and energy storage. Rather than keeping all modules continuously active, the system reduces energy consumption through module-level power optimization and system-level event-driven control of module operating time. It remains in near-zero-power monitoring until acoustic activity crosses a preset threshold, then enters a low-power stage for wake-word screening. Command recognition and Bluetooth transmission are activated only after wake-word confirmation. The system achieved real-time accuracies of 96.0% for wake-word screening and 95.64% for 11-class command-word recognition on the microcontroller. The system consumed 8.04 J over 24 h, corresponding to an average power of 93 \u03bcW. During a separate 24 h test of the complete system with direct photovoltaic charging, approximately 1.72 kJ of net electrical energy was delivered to the battery terminals. This architecture integrates always-on event capture, on-device recognition, and local energy supply, and may support the development of long-term unattended voice-interaction nodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6c16840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:02:29Z","timestamp":1791183749000},"page":"55180-55196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Low-Power, Self-Sustained Acoustic Node for Always-On Voice-Command Detection and Recognition Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Edge Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zefang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianpeng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiling","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"Guangxi University , , ,","place":["Nanning, China, 530004"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingshan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"Jiangsu University , , ,","place":["Zhenjiang, P. R. China, 212013"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7511-805X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 101400"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101406072647200_cit1","unstructured":"Warden, P.\n          \n          Speech commands: a dataset for limited-vocabulary speech recognition. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.03209 (accessed September 14, 2026)."},{"key":"2026101406072647200_cit2","first-page":"1041","article-title":"A dataset and taxonomy for urban sound research","volume-title":"Proc. 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Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1711.07128 (accessed September 14, 2026)."},{"key":"2026101406072647200_cit9","unstructured":"Mesaros, A.; Heittola, T.; Virtanen, T.\n          A multi-device dataset for urban acoustic scene classification. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1807.09840 (accessed September 14, 2026)."},{"key":"2026101406072647200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2728787","article-title":"Always-On 12-nW Acoustic Sensing and Object Recognition Microsystem for Unattended Ground Sensor Nodes","volume":"53","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"2026101406072647200_cit11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of an energy-efficient wireless sensor network model for perimeter surveillance","volume":"4","author":"Imoize","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Eng. Appl. 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