{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:24:59Z","timestamp":1787005499159,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has recently emerged as a clinically relevant biomarker for the early diagnosis and risk stratification of chronic diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. Here, we report an electric-field-driven pixel array urine biosensor for the assessment of diabetic nephropathy and for elucidating the relationship among urine TMAO, glucose, and urine microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). The purified trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (torA) enzyme catalyzes the reduction of TMAO to trimethylamine (TMA) and H2O, during which generated H+ ions modulate the local ionic environment and attenuate the device electric field. The proposed pixel array biosensor, integrated with a dedicated readout circuit, enables quantitative TMAO detection over a broad UACR range, exhibiting a sensitivity of 8.2 mV\/(mg\/g) over a dynamic range up to 1200 mg\/g. In contrast, glucose shows an initial increase at low UACR but becomes highly variable above 30 mg\/g, indicating poor correlation with progressive albuminuria due to preserved tubular reabsorption at early stages of glomerular injury. The device further achieves a sensitivity of 2.5 mV\/\u03bcM, a response time of 10 s, a reproducibility of 98%, and a low long-term offset drift of 0.3 mV. Only 5 \u03bcL of urine is required for simultaneous quantification of TMAO and glucose. Overall, the proposed system provides a rapid, sensitive, and user-friendly point-of-care platform for early risk assessment of chronic kidney disease in diabetic populations, enabling improved accessibility for home-based monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6c00565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:04:36Z","timestamp":1785139476000},"page":"4510-4521","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electric-Field Pixel Array Biosensor for Catalytic Ion Detection in Diabetic Nephropathy"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mei-Ching","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , , ,","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan, 333423"]},{"name":"Chang Gung University , , ,","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan, 333323"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1103-2268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tzu-Wei","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung University , , ,","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan, 33302"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9248-6850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Cheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lin-Kou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , , ,","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan, 333423"]},{"name":"Chang Gung University , , ,","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan, 33302"]},{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , , ,","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan, 33302"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hung","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , , ,","place":["Taoyuan, Taiwan, 33302"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026081717153022000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064732","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease","volume":"37","author":"Zeisel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. 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