{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T13:24:43Z","timestamp":1794230683987,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007530","name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach for cancer treatment. However, PDT has been limited by oxygen (O2) availability in tumor tissues, particularly within hypoxic regions. A PEGylated nitrogen-doped carbon nanohorn (NCNH) has unique structural properties that encapsulate O2 and deliver it efficiently to tumor sites, overcoming the limitation of O2 availability. The O2 uptake on O2-loaded PEGylated NCNH nanocarriers was approximately 1.24 times higher than O2-loaded pristine NCNH and 0.80 times that of O2-loaded nanocarriers with additional O2 adsorbers of dendrimers (DEN) and fluorocarbons (F) named NCNH\/DEN-F\/F-PEG. Then, singlet oxygen was generated nearly proportionately to the O2 loading. However, on cellular uptake, PEGylated NCNH and NCNH\/DEN-F\/F-PEG had higher uptake (81.7% and 90.4%, respectively) than pristine NCNH (51.2%), implying the superior uptake ability of PEGylated carriers. From high singlet oxygen generation and the preferable cellular uptake, the decrease in cell viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, which were incubated with O2-loaded nanocarriers under light irradiation, occurred at the lowest concentration (IC50 = 9.6 \u00b5g\/mL) for NCNH\/DEN-F\/F-PEG. This innovative strategy not only advances much production of singlet oxygen by accumulating O2 adsorber units but also facilitates the uptake of carriers into biological membranes by PEGylating, enhancing the therapeutic outcome and contributing to personalized and effective cancer therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6c01601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T14:02:23Z","timestamp":1792418543000},"page":"6277-6289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photodynamic Cancer Therapy by an Oxygen Gas Carrier Consisting of PEGylated Carbon Nanohorn-Based Nanomaterials"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fitriani Jati","family":"Rahmania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Taipei, Taiwan, 10607"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2731-1960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toyoko","family":"Imae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Taipei, Taiwan, 10607"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masataka","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shibaura Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Saitama, Japan, 337-8570"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurika","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shibaura Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Saitama, Japan, 337-8570"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3110-8159","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naoko","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shibaura Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Saitama, Japan, 337-8570"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026110907085481900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2022.06.010","article-title":"Oxygen as an essential medicine","volume":"38","author":"Mart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110907085481900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-020-01719-5","article-title":"The role of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and development of cancer stem cell: a novel approach to developing treatment","volume":"21","author":"Emami Nejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026110907085481900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040219","article-title":"Complexation Nanoarchitectonics of Carbon Dots with Doxorubicin toward Photodynamic Anti-Cancer Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Do","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026110907085481900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202200130","article-title":"Nanoscaled PAMAM Dendrimer Spacer Improved the Photothermal-Photodynamic Treatment Efficiency of Photosensitizer-Decorated Confeito-Like Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy","volume":"22","author":"Saw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-012-0233-x","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and cancer\u2014a review","volume":"7","author":"Moen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026110907085481900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14246054","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1: a novel therapeutic target for the management of cancer, drug resistance, and cancer-related pain","volume":"14","author":"Bui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110907085481900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.203","article-title":"Hypoxia signaling in cancer: Implications for therapeutic interventions","volume":"4","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110907085481900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41858-z","article-title":"Hemoglobin and cytochrome c reinterpreting the origins of oxygenation and oxidation in erythrocytes and in vivo cancer lung cells","volume":"13","author":"Abramczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026110907085481900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8715","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04156","article-title":"Carbon-dot-decorated carbon nitride nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumor via water splitting","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"36","key":"2026110907085481900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11522","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201805138","article-title":"Innovative strategies for hypoxic-tumor photodynamic therapy","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"2026110907085481900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140783","article-title":"Oxygen-Generating Scaffolds: One Step Closer to the Clinical Translation of Tissue Engineered Products","volume":"455","author":"Augustine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2020.08.010","article-title":"Alleviating tumor hypoxia with perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers","volume":"53","author":"Krafft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119578","article-title":"Improving cancer therapy through the nanomaterials-assisted alleviation of hypoxia","volume":"228","author":"Sahu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"43","key":"2026110907085481900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201804901","article-title":"Covalent organic polymers based on fluorinated porphyrin as oxygen nanoshuttles for tumor hypoxia relief and enhanced photodynamic therapy","volume":"28","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026110907085481900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35027","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c09812","article-title":"Hierarchical Composite Nanoarchitectonics with a Graphitic Core, Dendrimer and Fluorocarbon Domains, and a Poly (ethylene glycol) Shell as O2 Reservoirs for Reactive Oxygen Species Production","volume":"14","author":"Workie","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026110907085481900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01577","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Gas in Carbon Nanohorn\/Fluorinated Dendrimer\/Fluorinated Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Hierarchical Nanocomposites as Therapeutic Nanocarriers","volume":"4","author":"Krathumkhet","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026110907085481900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20210192","article-title":"Photodynamic and Photothermal Effects of Carbon Dots-Coated Magnetite- and Porphyrin-Conjugated Confeito-Like Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"94","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.06.010","article-title":"Phototherapeutic functionality of biocompatible graphene oxide\/dendrimer hybrids","volume":"121","author":"Siriviriyanun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.020","article-title":"Cyclodextrin- and dendrimer-conjugated graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for the delivery of selected chemotherapeutic and photosensitizing agents","volume":"89","author":"Siriviriyanun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng., C"},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.06.007","article-title":"Biomimetic O2-Evolving metal-organic framework nanoplatform for highly efficient photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumor","volume":"178","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202203196","article-title":"Smart Phototheranostics based on Carbon Nanohorns for Precise Imaging-Guided Post-PDT toward Residual Tumor Cells after Initial Phototherapy","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. \u2013 Eur. J."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.06.020","article-title":"Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanohorns for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and cisplatin delivery in vitro","volume":"138","author":"Isaac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026110907085481900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1021\/mp0500566","article-title":"Carbon nanohorns as anticancer drug carriers","volume":"2","author":"Ajima","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026110907085481900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20210436","article-title":"Drug release stimulated by magnet and light on magnetite-and carbon dot-loaded carbon nanohorn","volume":"95","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2019.05.014","article-title":"Hydrogen evolution reaction efficiency of carbon nanohorn incorporating molybdenum sulfide and polydopamine\/palladium nanoparticles","volume":"102","author":"Devadas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Institute Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5162","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b04813","article-title":"Synergistic Performance of Composite Supercapacitors between Carbon Nanohorn and Conducting Polymer","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2022.231270","article-title":"Hierarchical porous N-doped carbon-supported PtCu nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"533","author":"Di","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026110907085481900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20200128","article-title":"Effect of External Magnetic Field on Hybrid Supercapacitors of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene with Magnetic Metal Oxides","volume":"93","author":"Fite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026110907085481900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13050839","article-title":"Preparation of Functional Nanoparticles-Loaded Magnetic Carbon Nanohorn Nanocomposites towards Composite Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Rahmania","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026110907085481900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8806","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201602233","article-title":"Controlling the stealth effect of nanocarriers through understanding the protein corona","volume":"55","author":"Sch\u00f6ttler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118366","article-title":"A nanocellulose-based platform towards targeted chemo-photodynamic\/photothermal cancer therapy","volume":"270","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.129666","article-title":"Protein corona formation on silver nanoparticles under different conditions","volume":"651","author":"Tomak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.10.064","article-title":"Size-dependent effect of cystine\/citric acid-capped confeito-like gold nanoparticles on cellular uptake and photothermal cancer therapy","volume":"161","author":"Saw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026110907085481900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132601","article-title":"Approaches to improve macromolecule and nanoparticle accumulation in the tumor microenvironment by the enhanced permeability and retention effect","volume":"14","author":"Ejigah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026110907085481900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057","article-title":"Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems","volume":"10","author":"Danaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026110907085481900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-017-3793-y","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped graphene-wrapped iron nanofragments for high-performance oxygen reduction electrocatalysts","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2018.02.024","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon materials","volume":"132","author":"Inagaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09656-6","article-title":"Graphene oxide in the remediation of norfloxacin from aqueous matrix: simultaneous adsorption and degradation process","volume":"27","author":"Moreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026110907085481900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23697","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04363","article-title":"Metal\u2013organic frameworks with enhanced photodynamic therapy: synthesis, erythrocyte membrane camouflage, and aptamer-targeted aggregation","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110907085481900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23393","article-title":"Self-monitoring artificial red cells with sufficient oxygen supply for enhanced photodynamic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110907085481900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010140","article-title":"Effects of doxorubicin delivery by nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots on cancer cell growth: experimental study and mathematical modeling","volume":"11","author":"Frieler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026110907085481900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18008","DOI":"10.1021\/am504860c","article-title":"One-Step Preparation of a Water-Soluble Carbon Nanohorn\/Phthalocyanine Hybrid for Dual-Modality Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026110907085481900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-017-3977-5","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo comparative study of the phototherapy anticancer activity of hyaluronic acid-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and fullerene","volume":"19","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026110907085481900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16091229","article-title":"Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dot\/TiO2 Hybrid Composites Induce Light-Dependent ROS-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cells","volume":"16","author":"Azouaghe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408560","article-title":"Metal-Free Carbon Co-Catalysts for Up-Conversion Photo-Induced Catalytic Cancer Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026110907085481900_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2024.114479","article-title":"A multifunctional graphene oxide-based nanodrug delivery system for tumor targeted diagnosis and treatment under chemotherapy-photothermal-photodynamic synergy","volume":"248","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026110907085481900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2025.2597342","article-title":"Design of experiments to optimize gallic acid carbon-based nanoparticle synthesis for enhanced photodynamic therapy in cancer cells","volume":"31","author":"Dechsri","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."}],"container-title":["ACS Biomaterials Science &amp; Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6c01601","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/abseba\/article-pdf\/12\/11\/6277\/68903917\/ab-2026-016012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/abseba\/article-pdf\/12\/11\/6277\/68903917\/ab-2026-016012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T12:29:35Z","timestamp":1794227375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/abseba\/article\/12\/11\/6277\/5453774\/Photodynamic-Cancer-Therapy-by-an-Oxygen-Gas"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6c01601","relation":{"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6c01601.s001","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2373-9878"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-9878","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]}}}