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The Hepatitis B virus regulatory protein HBx, which is essential for viral replication and hepatocarcinogenesis, has long remained mechanistically intractable because of uncertainty surrounding its physiologically relevant metallocofactor. Although HBx can bind either an Fe\u2013S cluster or Zn, its intrinsic disorder and extensive mutational tolerance have hindered precise characterization of its metal-binding environment. Here, we combine chemoproteomics with HYSCORE spectroscopy to define the metal-coordinating ligands in HBx and overcome limitations associated with conventional mutational analysis of disordered proteins. We exclude histidine coordination and identify C61, C69, C143, and C148 as the primary cysteine ligands for Fe\u2013S cluster binding, with C137 functioning as a conditional auxiliary ligand. These residues also support Zn binding and overlap with regions implicated in HBx transactivation and clinically relevant variants. In addition, HBx engages the host cytosolic Fe\u2013S cluster assembly machinery and displays sensitivity to Fe\u2013S-targeting reagents, behavior consistent with Fe\u2013S cluster acquisition and cofactor lability. Together, these findings propose HBx as an Fe\u2013S cluster-associated viral protein and expand the growing class of viral Fe\u2013S proteins that are critical for infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.6c00492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1788452377000},"page":"2356-2368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Promiscuous Metal Site in Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Binds an Fe\u2013S Cluster"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7573-6333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiahua","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandeis University , , , ,","place":["Waltham, Massachusetts, United States, 02453"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Langton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandeis University , , , ,","place":["Waltham, Massachusetts, United States, 02453"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandeis University , , , ,","place":["Waltham, Massachusetts, United States, 02453"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avital","family":"Aaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandeis University , , , ,","place":["Waltham, Massachusetts, United States, 02453"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0835-8301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eranthie","family":"Weerapana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston College , , , ,","place":["Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States, 02467"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7124-9896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Perlstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University , , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Silakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University , , , ,","place":["University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2252-1718","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Bak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston College , , , ,","place":["Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States, 02467"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6750-1948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria-Eirini","family":"Pandelia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brandeis University , , , ,","place":["Waltham, Massachusetts, United States, 02453"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101511071473700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18035","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.35","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"4","author":"Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101511071473700_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040741","article-title":"Hepatitis B Viral Protein HBx and the Molecular Mechanisms Modulating the Hallmarks of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"11","author":"Sivasudhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6324","key":"2026101511071473700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/351317a0","article-title":"HBx gene of hepatitis B virus induces liver cancer in transgenic mice","volume":"351","author":"Kim","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101511071473700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.101698","article-title":"The HBx protein from hepatitis B virus coordinates a redox-active Fe\u2013S cluster","volume":"298","author":"Ueda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. 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