{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:23:42Z","timestamp":1789827822129,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101113564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101113564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20\/FFP-A\/8518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20\/FFP-A\/8518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21\/RI\/9831"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/RI\/9831"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is being increasingly used for a variety of industrially relevant processes such as biomass pretreatment, emulsions, and crystallization. Many of these processes involve non-Newtonian fluids. However, most of the previous studies on characterizing flow in cavitating devices focus on low-viscosity, Newtonian fluids. In this study, we investigate the influence of non-Newtonian, particularly shear-thinning behavior of fluids on the flow characteristics and cavitation inception in a vortex-based hydrodynamic cavitation device (VD) using both experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Primary digestate from an anaerobic digester was considered as a model non-Newtonian fluid, considering increasing applications of HC devices for biomass pretreatment. The non-Newtonian behavior was represented using the Carreau rheological model. The parameters of the model were obtained via rheological measurements over a shear rate range of 10 to 1300 s\u20131 of two digestate slurries containing 50% (v\/v) and 77% (v\/v) with water. The case of water was used as the reference case. A three-dimensional (3D) CFD simulation of flow in VD was performed by using the Eulerian mixture model. The SST k\u2013\u03c9 turbulence model and the Singhal cavitation model were used. Simulations were validated by comparing the simulated pressure drop across VD with the experimental measurements. Simulation results show that the 50% (v\/v) and 77% (v\/v) digestate slurries exhibit a reduction in swirl intensity in the vortex chamber and a delayed cavitation inception compared with the reference case of water. The results were analyzed to bring out the influence of higher effective viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior on the flow characteristics of VD. The presented results will be useful for designing VD for high-viscosity applications in waste valorization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsengineeringau.5c00121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:00:32Z","timestamp":1777651232000},"page":"531-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids through a Vortex-Based\nHydrodynamic Cavitation Device"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mukesh","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Limerick , , ,","place":["Limerick, Ireland, V94 T9PX"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai","family":"Rathod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Limerick , , ,","place":["Limerick, Ireland, V94 T9PX"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0558-6971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vivek V.","family":"Ranade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Limerick , , ,","place":["Limerick, Ireland, V94 T9PX"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081908103689200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.11.006","article-title":"A Swirling Jet-Induced Cavitation\nto Increase Activated Sludge Solubilisation and Aerobic Sludge Biodegradability","volume":"35","author":"Mancuso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081908103689200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4977","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.3c04555","article-title":"Dense Oil\nin Water Emulsions Using\nVortex-Based Hydrodynamic Cavitation: Effective Viscosity, Sauter\nMean Diameter, and Droplet Size Distribution","volume":"63","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"42","key":"2026081908103689200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20362","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5c02950","article-title":"Hydrodynamic\nCavitation-Induced Breakage\nof Carbamazepine Dihydrate Crystals: Experimental Insights and Modeling","volume":"64","author":"Swain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081908103689200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12020300","article-title":"Numerical\nStudy of Hydrodynamic Cavitation\nPretreatment of Food Waste: Effect of Pressure Drop on the Cavitation\nBehavior","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2026081908103689200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2021.102675","article-title":"Hydrodynamic\nCavitation: Process Opportunities for Ice-Cream Formulations","volume":"70","author":"Sim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innovative Food Sci. Emerging Technol."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026081908103689200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36276","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c04230","article-title":"Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Based\nPretreatment of Primary\nDigestate: Feasibility and Role in Overall Enhancement of Valorization","volume":"10","author":"Nayak","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026081908103689200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119074","article-title":"The Use of\nHydrodynamic Cavitation for Waste-to-Energy Approach to Enhance Methane\nProduction from Waste Activated Sludge","volume":"347","author":"Zupanc","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ.\nManage."},{"key":"2026081908103689200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.09.100","article-title":"Monitoring\nof Full-Scale Hydrodynamic Cavitation Pretreatment in Agricultural\nBiogas Plant","volume":"247","author":"Garuti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026081908103689200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9292","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.8b01688","article-title":"Treatment of Solvent-Contaminated\nWater Using Vortex-Based Cavitation: Influence of Operating Pressure\nDrop, Temperature, Aeration, and Reactor Scale","volume":"57","author":"Sarvothaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026081908103689200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527346448","volume-title":"Hydrodynamic Cavitation:\nDevices, Design and Applications","author":"Ranade","year":"2022","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026081908103689200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117290","article-title":"Investigation of Sludge\nDisintegration\nUsing Vortex Cavitation Circulating Fluidised Grinding Technology","volume":"331","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026081908103689200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145943","article-title":"Influence of Viscosity and Device\nScale on Pressure Drop and Cavitation Inception: Vortex Based Cavitation\nDevices","volume":"474","author":"Thaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081908103689200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8255","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c01005","article-title":"Acoustic Analysis of Vortex-Based\nCavitation Devices: Inception and Extent of Cavitation","volume":"60","author":"Ranade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081908103689200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1122\/1.549276","article-title":"Rheological\nEquations from Molecular Network Theories","volume":"16","author":"Carreau","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trans.\nSoc. 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Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech."}],"container-title":["ACS Engineering Au"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsengineeringau.5c00121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aeacb3\/article-pdf\/6\/4\/531\/63002059\/acsengineeringau.5c00121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aeacb3\/article-pdf\/6\/4\/531\/63002059\/acsengineeringau.5c00121.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T12:24:01Z","timestamp":1787142241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aeacb3\/article\/6\/4\/531\/5068709\/Flow-of-Non-Newtonian-Fluids-through-a-Vortex"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsengineeringau.5c00121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2694-2488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2694-2488","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}}}