{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T01:54:25Z","timestamp":1794534865132,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation, Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences","award":["AGS-2144062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGS-2144062"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037gd6g64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program","award":["RC 24-4132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 24-4132"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ew61678","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wildland-fire emissions exhibit large variability in aerosol physicochemical properties and potential for forming secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Whether this variability is primarily driven by differences in fuel type or combustion conditions remains unresolved. To address this gap, we performed simulated wildland-fire experiments using fuel beds that contained either surface fuels only or a duff layer underneath the surface fuels. We varied the dry mass loading and moisture content of the surface fuels within ranges encountered in prescribed fires in the Southeastern U.S. Less efficient combustion, which resulted from increased dry mass loading, increased moisture content, or including duff in the fuel bed, produced less light-absorbing organic aerosol (OA) and formed more SOA. Including duff also produced OA with higher nitrogen content. A proof-of-concept experiment using surface fuels conditioned to reproduce inefficient combustion conditions similar to those of duff emitted OA with nitrogen content, light-absorption properties, and SOA formation potential comparable to those of duff OA emissions. Given the profound differences in molecular composition between surface fuels and duff, these results provide strong evidence that the difference in combustion conditions between duff and surface fuels was the major driver of the observed differences in OA physicochemical properties and SOA formation potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.6c00258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T16:01:58Z","timestamp":1789488118000},"page":"2843-2858","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combustion Conditions\nare the Major Drivers of the\nVariability in Organic Aerosol Chemical Composition and Secondary\nOrganic Aerosol Formation in Emissions from Simulated Wildland Fires"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4360-7385","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad I.","family":"Abdurrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Caraway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Kusumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]},{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kruthika V.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Anosike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana M.","family":"Deegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan P.","family":"Poland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mac A.","family":"Callaham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Station , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Research Station , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward C.","family":"Fortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerodyne Research Inc , , ,","place":["Billerica, Massachusetts, United States, 01821"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5728-0854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda","family":"Frossard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6371-5092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geoffrey D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4951-7962","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rawad","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , , , ,","place":["Athens, Georgia, United States, 30602"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2024.103081","article-title":"Prescribed Fires as a Climate Change\nAdaptation Tool","volume":"130","author":"Hashida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Economics\nand Management"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100908071182200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.3390\/su17136230","article-title":"Wildfire\nSeverity Reduction Through Prescribed Burning\nin the Southeastern United States","volume":"17","author":"Ross","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit3","unstructured":"Brandon, A.; Hutchinson, T.\n          Long-Term Ecological\nEffects of Prescribed Burning and Mechanical Treatments on Eastern\nOak Forests;  Rooted in Research, Issue 40; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research\nStation: Madison, WI, 2024; p 2. https:\/\/research.fs.usda.gov\/treesearch\/68317."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit4","unstructured":"Waldrop, T. A.; Goodrick, S. L.\n          Introduction to Prescribed\nFires in Southern Ecosystems. Science Update SRS-054. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research\nStation: Asheville, NC, 2012; Vol. 54, pp 1\u201380."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011048118","article-title":"The Changing Risk and Burden of Wildfire\nin the United States","volume":"118","author":"Burke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.\nU. S. A."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit6","unstructured":"Melvin, M. A.\n          \n          2020 National Prescribed\nFire Use Report. National Association of\nState Foresters and Coalition of Prescribed Fire Councils, 2020. https:\/\/www.stateforesters.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/2020-Prescribed-Fire-Use-Report.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100908071182200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1071\/WF17132","article-title":"An Analysis of Southeastern\nUS Prescribed\nBurn Weather Windows: Seasonal Variability and El Nin\u0303o Associations","volume":"27","author":"Chiodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s42408-020-0070-8","article-title":"Prescribed\nFire Science: The Case for a Refined Research Agenda","volume":"16","author":"Hiers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100908071182200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/forsci\/fxz089","article-title":"Long-Duration Soil\nHeating Resulting\nfrom Forest Floor Duff Smoldering in Longleaf Pine Ecosystems","volume":"66","author":"Kreye","year":"2020","journal-title":"for sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100908071182200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.08.028","article-title":"Post-Fire Tree Stress\nand Growth Following Smoldering Duff Fires","volume":"258","author":"Morgan Varner","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100908071182200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1139\/X06-315","article-title":"Overstory Tree Mortality\nResulting from Reintroducing\nFire to Long-Unburned Longleaf Pine Forests: The Importance of Duff\nMoisture","volume":"37","author":"Varner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.09.025","article-title":"Predicting\nForest Floor and Woody Fuel Consumption from Prescribed Burns in Southern\nand Western Pine Ecosystems of the United States","volume":"405","author":"Prichard","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit13","unstructured":"Varner, J. M.; Kreye, J. K.; Hiers, J. K.; O\u2019Brien, J. J.\n          Recent Advances\nin Understanding Duff Consumption and Post-Fire Longleaf Pine Mortality. In  Proceedings of the 18th Biennial Southern Silvicultural\nResearch Conference; Schweitzer, C. J.; Clatterbuck, W. K.; Oswalt, C. M. Eds.;  e-Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-212; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research\nStation, Asheville, NC, 2016. pp 335\u2212338, https:\/\/research.fs.usda.gov\/treesearch\/50685."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit14","unstructured":"Wade, D. D.; Lunsford, J. D.\n          A Guide\nfor Prescribed\nFire in Southern Forests, Technical Publication R8-TP-11; USDA Forest Service: Atlanta, GA, 1989, p 56."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5849\/sjaf.11-034","article-title":"Utility of an Instantaneous Moisture Meter for Duff\nMoisture Prediction in Long-Unburned Longleaf Pine Forests","volume":"37","author":"Engber","year":"2013","journal-title":"South. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.06.010","article-title":"Wildland\nFire Emissions, Carbon, and Climate: Modeling Fuel Consumption","volume":"317","author":"Ottmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100908071182200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1071\/WF18205","article-title":"The Contribution of\nDuff Consumption to Fire Emissions and Air Pollution of the Rough\nRidge Fire","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87045-4_8","article-title":"Resource Manager Perspectives on the Need for Smoke Science","volume-title":"Wildland Fire Smoke in the United States: A Scientific\nAssessment","author":"Peterson","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit19","unstructured":"Schultz, C.; Huber-Stearns, H.; McCaffrey, S.; Quirke, D.; Ricco, G.; Moseley, C.\n          Prescribed Fire Policy\nBarriers and\nOpportunities: A Diversity of Challenges and Strategies across the\nWest. Working Paper Number 86\/Practitioner Paper Number 2;\nEcosystem Workforce Program & Public Lands Policy Group; University of Oregon, 2018, p 18."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100908071182200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL105811","article-title":"Analyzing\nthe Impact of Evolving Combustion Conditions\non the Composition of Wildfire Emissions Using Satellite Data","volume":"50","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-929-2024","article-title":"Parameterizations of\nUS Wildfire and Prescribed Fire Emission Ratios and Emission Factors\nBased on FIREX-AQ Aircraft Measurements","volume":"24","author":"Gkatzelis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100908071182200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-3299-2018","article-title":"Non-Methane Organic\nGas Emissions from Biomass Burning: Identification, Quantification,\nand Emission Factors from PTR-ToF during the FIREX 2016 Laboratory\nExperiment","volume":"18","author":"Koss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100908071182200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02588","article-title":"Aging Effects\non Biomass Burning Aerosol Mass and Composition: A Critical Review\nof Field and Laboratory Studies","volume":"53","author":"Hodshire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1002\/2016RG000540","article-title":"Recent Advances\nin Understanding Secondary Organic Aerosol: Implications for Global\nClimate Forcing","volume":"55","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100908071182200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029068","article-title":"Production of Secondary\nOrganic Aerosol During Aging of Biomass Burning Smoke From Fresh Fuels\nand Its Relationship to VOC Precursors","volume":"124","author":"Ahern","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.:Atmos."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100908071182200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-2825-2015","article-title":"Characterization of Primary and Secondary\nWood Combustion Products Generated under Different Burner Loads","volume":"15","author":"Bruns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026100908071182200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15835","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-25-15835-2025","article-title":"Diurnal\nAging of Biomass Burning\nEmissions: Impacts on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Oxidative\nPotential","volume":"25","author":"Georgopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11551","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-11551-2013","article-title":"ACP\u2013Secondary Organic Aerosol\nFormation and Primary Organic Aerosol Oxidation from Biomass-Burning\nSmoke in a Flow Reactor during FLAME-3","volume":"13","author":"Ortega","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100908071182200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.4c00300","article-title":"The Effect of Combustion Conditions on Emissions of Elemental Carbon\nand Organic Carbon and Formation of Secondary Organic Carbon in Simulated\nWildland Fires","volume":"2","author":"Penland","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100908071182200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9877","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-9877-2022","article-title":"Emissions\nof Organic Compounds from Western US Wildfires and Their Near-Fire\nTransformations","volume":"22","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit31","unstructured":"Fredrickson, C.\n          \n          Quantifying\nand Understanding Reactive Nitrogen Emissions and Chemistry from Wildfires\nThrough Remote Sensing and Modeling, Ph.D., University of Washington, 2024."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100908071182200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-3131-2006","article-title":"Black Carbon or Brown Carbon? The\nNature of Light-Absorbing\nCarbonaceous Aerosols","volume":"6","author":"Andreae","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-020-00139-3","article-title":"From Measurements\nto Models: Toward Accurate Representation of Brown Carbon in Climate\nCalculations","volume":"6","author":"Saleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pollution Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-26-839-2026","article-title":"Emission\nFactors and Optical Properties of Black and\nBrown Carbon Emitted at a Mixed-Conifer Forest Prescribed Burn","volume":"26","author":"Butler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100908071182200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01237-9","article-title":"Shortwave\nAbsorption\nby Wildfire Smoke Dominated by Dark Brown Carbon","volume":"16","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EA00059D","article-title":"Observationally Constrained Representation\nof Brown Carbon Emissions\nfrom Wildfires in a Chemical Transport Model","volume":"2","author":"Neyestani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Atmos."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100908071182200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5441","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026230","article-title":"Broadband Optical Properties of Biomass-Burning Aerosol\nand Identification of Brown Carbon Chromophores","volume":"122","author":"Bluvshtein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:Atmos."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.119798","article-title":"The Extreme Forest\nFires in California\/Oregon in 2020: Aerosol Optical and Physical Properties\nand Comparisons of Aged versus Fresh Smoke","volume":"305","author":"Eck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2018.05.018","article-title":"Optical Characteristics\nand Source Apportionment of Brown Carbon\nin Winter PM2.5 over Yulin in Northern China","volume":"213","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100908071182200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EA00118G","article-title":"Optical Properties of Biomass Burning Aerosol during\nthe 2021 Oregon Fire Season: Comparison between Wild and Prescribed\nFires","volume":"3","author":"Marsavin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Atmos."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00331","article-title":"Hygroscopicity\nand Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity of Fresh and Aged Biomass Burning\nParticles","volume":"3","author":"Bai","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.4c00243","article-title":"Properties of Surface-Active\nOrganics\nin Aerosol Particles Produced from Combustion of Biomass Fuels under\nSimulated Prescribed-Fire and Wildfire Conditions","volume":"2","author":"Deegan","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.12.026","article-title":"Effects of Combustion Temperature\non the Optical Properties of Brown\nCarbon from Biomass Burning","volume":"137","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental\nSciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100908071182200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.4c00089","article-title":"Brown Carbon Emissions\nfrom Biomass Burning under Simulated Wildfire and Prescribed-Fire\nConditions","volume":"1","author":"Glenn","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100908071182200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.4c00091","article-title":"Optical Properties\nof Biomass Burning\nAerosols from Simulated Wildfires and Prescribed Fires with Representative\nFuel Beds from the Southeast United States","volume":"1","author":"McQueen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00207","article-title":"Differential In Vitro Lung Cell Toxicity of Fresh and Photochemically\nAged Smoke Aerosol Emissions from Simulated Wildland Fires of Duff\nand Surface Fuels","volume":"2","author":"Noe\u0308l","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100908071182200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00122","article-title":"Overview of\nthe Georgia Wildland-Fire Simulation Experiment\n(G-WISE)","volume":"2","author":"Saleh","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/sjaf\/33.1.29","article-title":"Separating\nDuff and Litter for Improved\nMass and Carbon Estimates","volume":"33","author":"Chojnacky","year":"2009","journal-title":"South. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit49","first-page":"15","article-title":"Fuel: Logs,\nSticks, Needles, Duff and Much More","volume-title":"Integrating\nSpatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire\nManagement","author":"Graham","year":"2000"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026100908071182200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6617","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-6617-2010","article-title":"Moisture Effects on Carbon and Nitrogen\nEmission from Burning of Wildland Biomass","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026100908071182200_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12,850","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021589","article-title":"Organic Aerosol\nEmission Ratios from the Laboratory Combustion of Biomass Fuels","volume":"119","author":"Jolleys","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:Atmos."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2018.11.006","article-title":"A Novel Approach\nto Fuel Biomass Sampling for 3D Fuel Characterization","volume":"5","author":"Hawley","year":"2018","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100908071182200_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6040151","article-title":"Terrestrial\nLaser Scan Metrics Predict Surface Vegetation Biomass and Consumption\nin a Frequently Burned Southeastern U.S. Ecosystem","volume":"6","author":"Loudermilk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fire"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100908071182200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1071\/WF10116","article-title":"Linking\nComplex Forest Fuel Structure and Fire Behaviour at Fine Scales","volume":"21","author":"Loudermilk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradshaw, L. S.; Deeming, J. E.; Burgan, R. E.; Cohen, J. D.\n          The 1978 National\nFire-Danger Rating System: Technical Documentation, General\nTechnical Report INT-169; U.S. Department of Agriculture,\nForest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Ogden, UT, 1984; Vol. 44, p 169.","DOI":"10.2737\/INT-GTR-169"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100908071182200_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2012.663948","article-title":"Soot Particle Aerosol\nMass Spectrometer: Development, Validation, and Initial Application","volume":"46","author":"Onasch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026100908071182200_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13417","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-13417-2020","article-title":"Technical\nNote: Effect of Varying\nthe \u03bb = 185 and 254\u2009Nm Photon Flux Ratio on Radical Generation\nin Oxidation Flow Reactors","volume":"20","author":"Rowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2024-2721","article-title":"A Comprehensive Characterization of Empirical Parameterizations for\nOH Exposure in the Aerodyne Potential Aerosol Mass Oxidation Flow\nReactor (PAM-OFR)","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"EGUsphere"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100908071182200_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-4863-2015","article-title":"HOx Radical\nChemistry in Oxidation Flow Reactors with Low-Pressure Mercury Lamps\nSystematically Examined by Modeling","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos.\nMeas. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-163-2009","article-title":"Airborne Measurement of OH Reactivity during INTEX-B","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"5060","key":"2026100908071182200_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.256.5060.1187","article-title":"An Intercomparison\nof Tropospheric OH Measurements\nat Fritz Peak Observatory, Colorado","volume":"256","author":"Mount","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100908071182200_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12070915","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Gas and Particle Phase Products\nof Toluene Photooxidation Reaction under High OH Exposure Condition","volume":"12","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100908071182200_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0575456","article-title":"High-Temperature Reactions of OH\nRadicals with Benzene and Toluene","volume":"110","author":"Seta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. A"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139002","article-title":"Characterization\nof Products Formed from the Oxidation of Toluene and m-Xylene with Varying NOx and OH Exposure","volume":"334","author":"Srivastava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"5816","key":"2026100908071182200_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133061","article-title":"Rethinking\nOrganic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging","volume":"315","author":"Robinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100908071182200_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9914","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50481","article-title":"Laboratory Characterization of PM Emissions from Combustion\nof Wildland Biomass Fuels","volume":"118","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:Atmos."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit67","unstructured":"Ward, D. E.; Radke, L. F.\n          Emissions Measurements\nfrom Vegetation Fires: A Comparative Evaluation of Methods and Results. In  Fire in the Environment: The Ecological, Atmospheric,\nand Climatic Importance of Vegetation Fires. Dahlem Workshop Reports:\nEnvironmental Sciences Research Report 13; Crutzen, P. J., Goldammer, J. G., Eds., John\nWiley & Sons: Chischester, England, 1993, pp 53\u201376."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100908071182200_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.1021\/es062364i","article-title":"Emissions\nfrom Laboratory Combustion\nof Wildland Fuels: Emission Factors and Source Profiles","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100908071182200_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-799-2005","article-title":"A Review\nof Biomass Burning Emissions Part II: Intensive Physical Properties\nof Biomass Burning Particles","volume":"5","author":"Reid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100908071182200_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-4039-2011","article-title":"Emission Factors\nfor Open and Domestic Biomass Burning for Use in Atmospheric Models","volume":"11","author":"Akagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100908071182200_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2019.1566593","article-title":"Investigating the Dependence\nof Light-Absorption Properties of Combustion Carbonaceous Aerosols\non Combustion Conditions","volume":"53","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100908071182200_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-1531-2020","article-title":"Biomass-Burning-Derived\nParticles from a Wide Variety of Fuels \u2013 Part 1: Properties\nof Primary Particles","volume":"20","author":"McClure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100908071182200_cit73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2220","article-title":"Brownness of Organics\nin Aerosols from Biomass Burning Linked to Their Black Carbon Content","volume":"7","author":"Saleh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Geosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820119073","article-title":"Comparison of IMPROVE and NIOSH Carbon Measurements","volume":"34","author":"Chow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EA00065A","article-title":"A Dominant\nContribution to Light Absorption by Methanol-Insoluble Brown Carbon\nProduced in the Combustion of Biomass Fuels Typically Consumed in\nWildland Fires in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Atwi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci.: Atmos."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100908071182200_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2017.1413231","article-title":"A Portable, Four-Wavelength, Single-Cell Photoacoustic\nSpectrometer for Ambient Aerosol Absorption","volume":"52","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100908071182200_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.5c00274","article-title":"Decoupling\nthe Evolution of the Light-Absorption Properties of Primary and Secondary\nOrganic Aerosol Produced from Duff Burning","volume":"2","author":"Abdurrahman","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS EST Air"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100908071182200_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00305","article-title":"The Brown\u2013Black\nContinuum\nof Light-Absorbing Combustion Aerosols","volume":"5","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820500421521","article-title":"Light Absorption by Carbonaceous\nParticles: An Investigative\nReview","volume":"40","author":"Bond","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100908071182200_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911206107","article-title":"Morphology\nof Mixed Primary and Secondary Organic Particles and the Adsorption\nof Spectator Organic Gases during Aerosol Formation","volume":"107","author":"Vaden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100908071182200_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10040168","article-title":"A Review of the Representation\nof Aerosol Mixing State\nin Atmospheric Models","volume":"10","author":"Stevens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026100908071182200_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8735","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL069786","article-title":"The Interplay between\nAssumed Morphology and the Direct Radiative Effect of Light-Absorbing\nOrganic Aerosol","volume":"43","author":"Saleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062443","article-title":"The Effect\nof Complex Black Carbon Microphysics on\nthe Determination of the Optical Properties of Brown Carbon","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100908071182200_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8607","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-8607-2013","article-title":"Brown Carbon: A Significant Atmospheric\nAbsorber of Solar Radiation?","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026100908071182200_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8980","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021861","article-title":"Effects\nof Biomass Burning on Climate, Accounting for Heat and Moisture Fluxes,\nBlack and Brown Carbon, and Cloud Absorption Effects","volume":"119","author":"Jacobson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:Atmos."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026100908071182200_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17745","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-17745-2018","article-title":"Radiative Effect and Climate Impacts\nof Brown Carbon with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100908071182200_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-3413-2016","article-title":"A Global Simulation\nof Brown Carbon: Implications for Photochemistry and Direct Radiative\nEffect","volume":"16","author":"Jo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100908071182200_cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7453","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021186","article-title":"Radiative Forcing of\nOrganic Aerosol in the Atmosphere and on Snow:\nEffects of SOA and Brown Carbon","volume":"119","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.:Atmos."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100908071182200_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-2507-2016","article-title":"Interpreting the Ultraviolet Aerosol\nIndex Observed with the OMI Satellite Instrument to Understand Absorption\nby Organic Aerosols: Implications for Atmospheric Oxidation and Direct\nRadiative Effects","volume":"16","author":"Hammer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100908071182200_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2018.1531107","article-title":"Formation of Refractory\nBlack Carbon by SP2-Induced Charring of Organic Aerosol","volume":"52","author":"Sedlacek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2018.03.001","article-title":"Examining\nthe Chemical Composition\nof Black Carbon Particles from Biomass Burning with SP-AMS","volume":"120","author":"Fortner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100908071182200_cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2015.1039959","article-title":"Investigations of SP-AMS Carbon Ion\nDistributions as a Function of Refractory Black Carbon Particle Type","volume":"49","author":"Onasch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100908071182200_cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2008.08.019","article-title":"Identification of Large\nPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Carbon Particulates Formed in\na Fuel-Rich Premixed Ethylene Flame","volume":"46","author":"Michela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2016.08.027","article-title":"Probing\nSoot Formation, Chemical and Physical Evolution, and Oxidation: A\nReview of in Situ Diagnostic Techniques and Needs","volume":"36","author":"Michelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2010.09.009","article-title":"Formation\nof Nascent Soot and Other Condensed-Phase Materials in Flames","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100908071182200_cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1021\/es0111683","article-title":"Speciation\nof Gas-Phase and Fine Particle Emissions from Burning of Foliar Fuels","volume":"36","author":"Hays","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100908071182200_cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1021\/es001331e","article-title":"Measurement of\nEmissions from Air Pollution Sources. 3. C1\u2013C29 Organic Compounds\nfrom Fireplace Combustion of Wood","volume":"35","author":"Schauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100908071182200_cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-1865-2015","article-title":"Identification and Quantification of Gaseous Organic\nCompounds Emitted from Biomass Burning Using Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography\u2013Time-of-Flight\nMass Spectrometry","volume":"15","author":"Hatch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1254","article-title":"Litter Quality and\nthe Temperature Sensitivity of Decomposition","volume":"86","author":"Fierer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100908071182200_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1139\/X08-003","article-title":"Biophysical\nControls on Surface Fuel Litterfall and\nDecomposition in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA","volume":"38","author":"Keane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100908071182200_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s40974-017-0064-9","article-title":"Litter Decomposition\nin Forest Ecosystems:\nA Review","volume":"2","author":"Krishna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy, Ecol. Environ."},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"2026100908071182200_cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/22.15-16.1193","article-title":"The Influence of the Forest Canopy\non Nutrient Cycling","volume":"22","author":"Prescott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tree Physiol"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119522","article-title":"Decomposition and Transformations\nalong the Continuum from Litter to Soil Organic Matter in Forest Soils","volume":"498","author":"Prescott","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026100908071182200_cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9903","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070562","article-title":"Emissions of Nitrogen-Containing\nOrganic Compounds from the Burning of Herbaceous and Arboraceous Biomass:\nFuel Composition Dependence and the Variability of Commonly Used Nitrile\nTracers","volume":"43","author":"Coggon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100908071182200_cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-1389-2021","article-title":"Ambient Nitro-Aromatic Compounds \u2013 Biomass Burning\nversus Secondary Formation in Rural China","volume":"21","author":"Salvador","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100908071182200_cit106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8837","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-8837-2023","article-title":"Chemically Distinct Particle-Phase Emissions from Highly\nControlled Pyrolysis of Three Wood Types","volume":"23","author":"Avery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2025.121592","article-title":"Chemical and\nOptical Properties of Biomass Burning and Diesel Emissions and Their\nAtmospheric Aging: A Comprehensive Chamber Study","volume":"363","author":"Ro\u0301denas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100908071182200_cit108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025784","article-title":"A Dual-Chamber Method\nfor Quantifying\nthe Effects of Atmospheric Perturbations on Secondary Organic Aerosol\nFormation from Biomass Burning Emissions","volume":"122","author":"Tkacik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\nGeophys. Res.:Atmos."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026100908071182200_cit109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5770","DOI":"10.1021\/es062289b","article-title":"Identification of the Mass Spectral\nSignature of Organic Aerosols from Wood Burning Emissions","volume":"41","author":"Alfarra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100908071182200_cit110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12049","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-12049-2011","article-title":"Effects of Aging on Organic Aerosol\nfrom Open Biomass\nBurning Smoke in Aircraft and Laboratory Studies","volume":"11","author":"Cubison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100908071182200_cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4625","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-4625-2010","article-title":"Organic Aerosol\nComponents Observed in Northern Hemispheric\nDatasets from Aerosol Mass Spectrometry","volume":"10","author":"Ng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100908071182200_cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9263","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-9263-2018","article-title":"High- and Low-Temperature Pyrolysis Profiles Describe\nVolatile Organic Compound Emissions from Western US Wildfire Fuels","volume":"18","author":"Sekimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"D10","key":"2026100908071182200_cit113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D10304","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009309","article-title":"Organic Aerosol\nMass Spectral Signatures from Wood-Burning Emissions:: Influence of\nBurning Conditions and Wood Type","volume":"113","author":"Weimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.:Atmos."},{"issue":"40","key":"2026100908071182200_cit114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15193","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c05412","article-title":"Dynamic Changes\nof Composition of\nParticulate Matter Emissions during Residential Biomass Combustion","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2006.07.008","article-title":"Mass Spectrometric Analysis and Aerodynamic\nProperties\nof Various Types of Combustion-Related Aerosol Particles","volume":"258","author":"Schneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026100908071182200_cit116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7861","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00075","article-title":"Evolution\nof Submicrometer Organic Aerosols during a Complete Residential Coal\nCombustion Process","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026100908071182200_cit117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8613","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01617","article-title":"Regional Influence\nof Aerosol Emissions from Wildfires Driven by\nCombustion Efficiency: Insights from the BBOP Campaign","volume":"50","author":"Collier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026100908071182200_cit118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.01.030","article-title":"Levoglucosan\nand Other Cellulose\nand Lignin Markers in Emissions from Burning of Miocene Lignites","volume":"43","author":"Fabbri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100908071182200_cit119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b00853","article-title":"On the\nYield of Levoglucosan from Cellulose Pyrolysis","volume":"6","author":"Maduskar","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026100908071182200_cit120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18204716","article-title":"Characterization\nof Lignocellulosic\nByproducts from the Portuguese Forest: Valorization and Sustainable\nUse","volume":"18","author":"Macena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100908071182200_cit121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2006.01.005","article-title":"Wheat Straw and Peat for Fuel Pellets-Organic\nCompounds\nfrom Combustion","volume":"30","author":"Olsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit122","unstructured":"Shafizadeh, F.\n          \n          Combustion,\nCombustibility, and Heat Release of Forest Fuels. In AIChE Symp. Ser., 1978; Vol. 74, ((177)), , pp 76\u201382. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Combustion%2C-combustibility%2C-and-heat-release-of-Shafizadeh\/f524e16519ad33a5aff81078a7118c769c67a6e4."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit123","first-page":"350","volume-title":"Forest Products\nChemistry","author":"Stenius","year":"2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100908071182200_cit124","first-page":"1648","article-title":"Role of Microbes in Organic Carbon\nDecomposition and\nMaintenance of Soil Ecosystem","volume":"5","author":"Khatoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem.\nStud."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.130667","article-title":"Promotion\nof Levoglucosan Production from Biomass Pyrolysis by Hydrogen Peroxide\nPre-Oxidation","volume":"400","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100908071182200_cit126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2020.1726867","article-title":"Evolution of the Light-Absorption\nProperties of Combustion Brown Carbon Aerosols Following Reaction\nwith Nitrate Radicals","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100908071182200_cit127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.4c00056","article-title":"Light Absorption and Chemical Composition of Brown\nCarbon Organic Aerosol Produced from Burning of Selected Biofuels","volume":"8","author":"Siemens","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8511","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-8511-2020","article-title":"Biomass-Burning-Derived\nParticles\nfrom a Wide Variety of Fuels\u2013Part 2: Effects of Photochemical\nAging on Particle Optical and Chemical Properties","volume":"20","author":"Cappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100908071182200_cit129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7669","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-7669-2011","article-title":"Chemical and Physical\nTransformations of Organic Aerosol from the Photo-Oxidation of Open\nBiomass Burning Emissions in an Environmental Chamber","volume":"11","author":"Hennigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100908071182200_cit130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4268","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09378","article-title":"Quantifying the\nLight-Absorption Properties and Molecular Composition of Brown Carbon\nAerosol from Sub-Saharan African Biomass Combustion","volume":"58","author":"Moschos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100908071182200_cit131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-2929-2018","article-title":"Aerosol\nOptical\nProperties and Trace Gas Emissions by PAX and OP-FTIR for Laboratory-Simulated\nWestern US Wildfires during FIREX","volume":"18","author":"Selimovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem.\nPhys."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100908071182200_cit132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11033","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-11033-2022","article-title":"Measurement Report: Observations\nof Long-Lived Volatile Organic Compounds from the 2019\u20132020\nAustralian Wildfires during the COALA Campaign","volume":"22","author":"Mouat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100908071182200_cit133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033838","article-title":"Emissions of Trace Organic Gases From Western U.S. Wildfires Based\non WE-CAN Aircraft Measurements","volume":"126","author":"Permar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes.:Atmos."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026100908071182200_cit134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11711","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-11711-2016","article-title":"Field Measurements of Trace Gases and Aerosols Emitted\nby Peat Fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El\nNin\u0303o","volume":"16","author":"Stockwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JD037758","article-title":"Fire\nInfluence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ)","volume":"128","author":"Warneke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:Atmos."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026100908071182200_cit136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8523","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-8523-2019","article-title":"Emission of Trace Gases and Aerosols\nfrom Biomass Burning\n\u2013 an Updated Assessment","volume":"19","author":"Andreae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem.\nPhys."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeaoa.2022.100188","article-title":"Fuel Layer Specific Pollutant Emission\nFactors for Fire Prone Forest Ecosystems of the Western U.S. and Canada","volume":"16","author":"Urbanski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ.:X"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2026-158","article-title":"Tracking Recent Extremes and Interannual Variability\nof Global Fire Emissions Using a Near-Real-Time Extension to the Global\nFire Emissions Database","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Earth System Science\nData Discussions"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-697-2017","article-title":"Global\nFire Emissions Estimates during 1997\u20132016","volume":"9","author":"van der Werf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth System Science Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100908071182200_cit140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-4-625-2011","article-title":"The Fire\nINventory\nfrom NCAR (FINN): A High Resolution Global Model to Estimate the Emissions\nfrom Open Burning","volume":"4","author":"Wiedinmyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032657","article-title":"Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen From\nWestern U.S. Wildfires During Summer 2018","volume":"126","author":"Lindaas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\nGeophys. Res.:Atmos."},{"issue":"D19","key":"2026100908071182200_cit142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"011836","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011836","article-title":"Emissions\nof Trace Gases and Aerosols\nduring the Open Combustion of Biomass in the Laboratory","volume":"114","author":"McMeeking","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.:Atmos."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026100908071182200_cit143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8807","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-8807-2020","article-title":"The Nitrogen Budget of Laboratory-Simulated\nWestern US Wildfires during the FIREX 2016 Fire Lab Study","volume":"20","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100908071182200_cit144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(01)00158-4","article-title":"The Macromolecular\nOrganic Composition of Plant and\nMicrobial Residues as Inputs to Soil Organic Matter","volume":"34","author":"Ko\u0308gel-Knabner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, J. H.; Burgan, R. E.\n          Standard Fire Behavior\nFuel Models: A Comprehensive Set for Use with Rothermel\u2019s Surface\nFire Spread Model. In Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-153; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research\nStation: Fort Collins, CO, 2005; Vol. 72, p 153.","DOI":"10.2737\/RMRS-GTR-153"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100908071182200_cit146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(99)00096-X","article-title":"Paper and Composites from Agro-Based\nResources","volume":"41","author":"Knill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026100908071182200_cit147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9727","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-9727-2014","article-title":"Trace Gas Emissions\nfrom Combustion of Peat, Crop Residue, Domestic Biofuels, Grasses,\nand Other Fuels: Configuration and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)\nComponent of the Fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4)","volume":"14","author":"Stockwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026100908071182200_cit148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-1105-2020","article-title":"Molecular\nComposition and Photochemical Lifetimes of Brown Carbon Chromophores\nin Biomass Burning Organic Aerosol","volume":"20","author":"Fleming","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmospheric\nChemistry and Physics"}],"container-title":["ACS ES&amp;T Air"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsestair.6c00258","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aeacd5\/article-pdf\/3\/10\/2843\/68519340\/acsestair.6c00258.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aeacd5\/article-pdf\/3\/10\/2843\/68519340\/acsestair.6c00258.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:31:02Z","timestamp":1791549062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aeacd5\/article\/3\/10\/2843\/5430477\/Combustion-Conditions-are-the-Major-Drivers-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsestair.6c00258","relation":{"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsestair.6c00258.s001","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2837-1402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-1402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}