{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:44:35Z","timestamp":1786729475128,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SPARC\/2018-2019\/P765\/SL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPARC\/2018-2019\/P765\/SL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Effective desalination of heavy metal ions from industrial effluents is a challenge mainly due to the existing methods of separation technologies that are energy-intensive, have poor economics of scale, and generate a large amount of sludge. The application of gas hydrate-based technology for the desalination of heavy metals is a promising approach because it generates no sludge and is a relatively green process. In a hydrate-based desalination approach, suitable hydrate-forming guests, a sII hydrate former, interact with water by weak van der Waals forces to produce solid hydrate crystals by excluding the salts and other impurities from an aqueous heavy metal ions solution. As5+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+ are common heavy metal ions found in industrial effluents that were individually chosen to prepare a 1000 ppm salt solution. In this work, natural gas was used as the hydrate-forming gas along with cyclopentane (CP) because of its immiscibility in water. The presence of CP also reduces the operating conditions for hydrate formation. CP was used at two different concentrations (6 and 1 mol %), and the kinetics of hydrate formation was further improved by the addition of edible surfactant lecithin to the hydrate-forming solution. The gas uptake kinetics, water to hydrate conversion, and rate of water recovery were studied. Superior kinetics of hydrate growth were observed with 6 mol % CP compared to 1 mol % CP. Also, the addition of a benign additive, lecithin, enhances the kinetics of hydrate formation, resulting in efficient desalination of salt ions. The kinetics of As5+ desalination was the fastest among those of the four selected metal ions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.0c00025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T18:48:13Z","timestamp":1597171693000},"page":"134-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Gas Hydrate-Based Process\nfor Desalination of Heavy\nMetal Ions from an Aqueous Solution: Kinetics and Rate of Recovery"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Namrata","family":"Gaikwad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Madras, India, 600036"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruthwik","family":"Nakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education , , ,","place":["Manipal, India, 576104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedasri","family":"Khavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Madras, India, 600036"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Bhadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Madras, India, 600036"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5321-4342","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hadas","family":"Mamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv University , , ,","place":["Tel Aviv, Israel, 69978"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4172-2638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajnish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology , , ,","place":["Madras, India, 600036"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"31","key":"2026081413115993300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13385","DOI":"10.1021\/jp102846d","article-title":"Adsorption of cationic and anionic\nsurfactants on cyclopentane\nhydrates","volume":"114","author":"Lo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/398_2019_27","article-title":"Trends and\nHealth Risks\nof Dissolved Heavy Metal Pollution in Global River and Lake Water\nfrom 1970 to 2017","volume":"251","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081413115993300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1515\/revce-2011-0019","article-title":"Water desalination","volume":"28","author":"Semiat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Chem.\nEng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081413115993300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/cben.201600010","article-title":"Removal of\nheavy metals from industrial wastewaters: a review","volume":"4","author":"Azimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemBioEng Rev."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103359","article-title":"Cyclopentane hydrates\u2013a candidate\nfor desalination?","volume":"7","author":"Ho-Van","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081413115993300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8093","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b01616","article-title":"A review of\nclathrate hydrate based\ndesalination to strengthen energy\u2013water nexus","volume":"6","author":"Babu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2019.02.017","article-title":"Progress and\ntrends in hydrate based desalination (HBD) technology: A review","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2018.02.001","article-title":"A thermodynamic\napproach to selection of suitable hydrate formers for seawater desalination","volume":"436","author":"Sahu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026081413115993300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.1021\/ie202785z","article-title":"Crystal growth of clathrate\nhydrate\nat the interface between seawater and hydrophobic-guest liquid: effect\nof elevated salt concentration","volume":"51","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem.\nRes."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2019.06.015","article-title":"Desalination using gas hydrates:\nThe role of crystal nucleation, growth and separation","volume":"468","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081413115993300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6045","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00866","article-title":"Equilibrium, kinetics,\nand spectroscopic studies of\nSF6 hydrate in NaCl electrolyte solution","volume":"49","author":"Seo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21389","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21389","article-title":"Hydrate-based heavy metal separation\nfrom aqueous solution","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. 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Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081413115993300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1021\/cg400118p","article-title":"Morphology of carbon\ndioxide\u2013hydrogen\u2013cyclopentane hydrates with or without\nsodium dodecyl sulfate","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2015.11.001","article-title":"Formation\nof cyclopentane methane binary clathrate hydrate in brine solutions","volume":"141","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2016.06.058","article-title":"Kinetic promotion of non-ionic surfactants\non cyclopentane\nhydrate formation","volume":"221","author":"Erfani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081413115993300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1021\/ie00019a001","article-title":"Clathrate\nhydrates","volume":"32","author":"Englezos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081413115993300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00791G","article-title":"Interfacial phenomena in gas hydrate systems","volume":"45","author":"Aman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081413115993300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.6b00997","article-title":"Morphology\nstudy of methane hydrate\nformation and dissociation in the presence of amino acid","volume":"16","author":"Veluswamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.09.007","article-title":"Seawater\ndesalination by gas hydrate process and removal characteristics of\ndissolved ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, B3+, Cl\u2013, SO42\u2013)","volume":"353","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081413115993300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(94)90123-6","article-title":"Submicron\nparticles in the Rhine River\ue5f8I. Physico-chemical characterization","volume":"28","author":"Perret","year":"1994","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.10.033","article-title":"Significance\nof thermodynamic and physical characteristics on permeation of ions\nduring membrane separation: Hydrated radius, hydration free energy\nand viscous effects","volume":"86","author":"Tansel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit38","first-page":"850","volume-title":"Material Science and\nEngineering Handbook","author":"Shackelford","year":"2001","edition":"3"},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.04.006","article-title":"A novel\nconceptual design of hydrate based desalination (HyDesal) process\nby utilizing LNG cold energy","volume":"222","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"2026081413115993300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.09.023","article-title":"Enhanced efficiency\nof salt removal from brine for cyclopentane hydrates by washing, centrifuging,\nand sweating","volume":"354","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"}],"container-title":["ACS ES&amp;T Water"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsestwater.0c00025","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aewcaa\/article-pdf\/1\/1\/134\/3674626\/ew0c00025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aewcaa\/article-pdf\/1\/1\/134\/3674626\/ew0c00025.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:24:36Z","timestamp":1786728276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aewcaa\/article\/1\/1\/134\/381524\/Gas-Hydrate-Based-Process-for-Desalination-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsestwater.0c00025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2690-0637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2690-0637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]}}}