{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:56:17Z","timestamp":1791561377824,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006116","name":"Advanced Manufacturing Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-FOA-0001905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-FOA-0001905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006116","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrocoagulation is an emerging process for water and wastewater treatment. However, there is a gap in understanding the effects of electrocoagulation operation (i.e., pH, applied current, electrode configuration) and the concentration dependencies of reactive species involved in the degradation of contaminants. Here, we show the development and validation of a batch reactor kinetic model for an electrocoagulation process in moderate to slightly acidic media for water treatment, guided by experimental data of electrocoagulation in synthetic wastewater at pH values of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5. The kinetic model uniquely predicts the full transient profile of the ferryl ion, a short-lived reactive oxygen species (ROS), coupling anode, cathode, and bulk Fenton chemistry in a single model validated against measured Fe(II), dissolved oxygen (DO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the sum of Fe(II) and Fe(III) concentrations. Our findings predict the rapid turnover and low concentration (&amp;lt;1.80 \u03bcg\/L) of the ferryl ion as a reactive intermediate species. Interestingly, the kinetic model predicts that lower electrocoagulation currents yield higher ferryl ion concentrations. Further, increased electrocoagulation time results in faster consumption of the ferryl ion after the electrocoagulation step. The implication is that these results provide a guiding framework for designing electrocoagulation processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.6c01166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:02:39Z","timestamp":1790755359000},"page":"6833-6845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kinetic Modeling\nof Iron Electrocoagulation in Moderate\nto Slightly Acidic Media"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Edwin I.","family":"Ochedikwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University , , , ,","place":["College Station, Texas, United States, 77843"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3473-3088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akshat","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University , , , ,","place":["College Station, Texas, United States, 77843"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-1439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shankararaman","family":"Chellam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University , , , ,","place":["College Station, Texas, United States, 77843"]},{"name":"Texas A&M University , , , ,","place":["College Station, Texas, United States, 77843"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Wilhite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University , , , ,","place":["College Station, Texas, United States, 77843"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2613-6016","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jodie","family":"Lutkenhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University , , , ,","place":["College Station, Texas, United States, 77843"]},{"name":"Texas A&M University , , , ,","place":["College Station, Texas, United States, 77840"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026100910095741700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1039\/D4VA00136B","article-title":"Innovative approaches to sustainable wastewater treatment:\na comprehensive exploration of conventional and emerging technologies","volume":"4","author":"Shamshad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2016.10.011","article-title":"Electrocoagulation\nprocess in water\ntreatment: A review of electrocoagulation modeling approaches","volume":"404","author":"Hakizimana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2017.07.047","article-title":"Electrocoagulation\nand advanced electrocoagulation processes: A general review about\nthe fundamentals, emerging applications and its association with other\ntechnologies","volume":"801","author":"Garcia-Segura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100910095741700_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2008.12.011","article-title":"Review of\npollutants removed by electrocoagulation\nand electrocoagulation\/flotation processes","volume":"90","author":"Emamjomeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100910095741700_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-021-05022-5","article-title":"Pollutant removal efficiency\nof electrocoagulation method from industrial wastewater: comparison\nwith other treatment methods and key operational parameters\u2500a\ncomparative study review","volume":"232","author":"Akhter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water, Air, Soil Pollut."},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131161","article-title":"Efficient\nremoval of\nmicroplastics from wastewater by an electrocoagulation process","volume":"428","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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Water\nTreat."},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.06.103","article-title":"Kinetic modeling\nof the electro-Fenton process: quantification of reactive oxygen species\ngeneration","volume":"176","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2014.11.016","article-title":"Decontamination\nof wastewaters containing\nsynthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods. An updated review","volume":"166\u2013167","author":"Brillas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116433","article-title":"Electrode\npassivation, faradaic efficiency,\nand performance enhancement strategies in electrocoagulation\u2500a\nreview","volume":"187","author":"Ingelsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100910095741700_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40201-015-0233-8","article-title":"Heavy metals removal\nfrom aqueous environments by electrocoagulation process\u2013a systematic\nreview","volume":"13","author":"Bazrafshan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100910095741700_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44290-025-00261-5","article-title":"Clean and green:\nthe multifaceted solution of the electrocoagulation\ntechnology in emerging contaminants in wastewater","volume":"2","author":"Etafo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100910095741700_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07929-z","article-title":"Integrated electrodes for the nutrient\nremoval from\nmunicipal wastewater using electrocoagulation technology","volume":"15","author":"Emana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c13277","article-title":"Virus Capsid Modifications Accompanying Inactivation\nduring Iron Electrocoagulation Revealed by Proteomics, Infrared Spectroscopy,\nand Molecular Modeling","volume":"60","author":"Verma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100910095741700_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111965","article-title":"Recent progress\nin highly effective\nelectrocoagulation-coupled systems for advanced wastewater treatment","volume":"28","author":"Phu","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15843-3","article-title":"Promoting H2O2 production via 2-electron oxygen reduction by coordinating\npartially oxidized Pd with defect carbon","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100910095741700_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100076","article-title":"Recent Progress of\nElectrochemical Production of Hydrogen Peroxide by Two-Electron Oxygen\nReduction Reaction","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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The Fenton reaction near neutral pH","volume":"51","author":"Koppenol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100910095741700_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sc20099f","article-title":"pH-induced mechanistic changeover\nfrom hydroxyl radicals to iron (IV) in the Fenton reaction","volume":"3","author":"Bataineh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"issue":"47","key":"2026100910095741700_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18586","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c06373","article-title":"Ferryl ion in the photo-fenton process\nat acidic pH: occurrence, fate, and implications","volume":"57","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026100910095741700_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00043a009","article-title":"Oxidation of ferrous\nions by ozone in acidic solutions","volume":"31","author":"Loegager","year":"1992","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit44","volume-title":"Electrochemical Engineering","author":"Fuller","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2020.114145","article-title":"The Butler-Volmer\nequation in electrochemical theory:\nOrigins, value, and practical application","volume":"872","author":"Dickinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\nElectroanal. Chem."},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit46","unstructured":"The MathWorks.\n          .  I.M.U.s.; G.T.M. 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Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100910095741700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00118","article-title":"Influences of pH, Reagent Dose, and\nWater Matrix Components on the Formation and Utilization of Hydroxyl\nRadicals in the Oxidation of Bisphenol S and para-Chlorobenzoic Acid\nby the Fenton Reaction","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Water"},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138216","article-title":"High-valent ferryl\nintermediates generation, reactivity and kinetic characterization\nwith contaminants of emerging concern via a facile photo-Fenton competition\nkinetic methodology","volume":"492","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100910095741700_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2017.e00248","article-title":"Development\nof a model to determine mass transfer coefficient and oxygen solubility\nin bioreactors","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100910095741700_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00217-1","article-title":"Temperature effects\non the oxygen transfer rate between 20 and 55 C","volume":"34","author":"Vogelaar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100910095741700_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1021\/ic051868z","article-title":"Aqueous ferryl (IV) ion: Kinetics\nof oxygen atom transfer to substrates\nand oxo exchange with solvent water","volume":"45","author":"Pestovsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inorg.\nChem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100910095741700_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.4c00317","article-title":"Porous Iron Electrodes Reduce Energy Consumption During\nElectrocoagulation of a Virus Surrogate: Insights into Performance\nEnhancements Using Three-Dimensional Neutron Computed Tomography","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS ES&T Eng."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026100910095741700_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c04438","article-title":"Virus removal and inactivation\nmechanisms during iron electrocoagulation: capsid and genome damages\nand electro-Fenton reactions","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100910095741700_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1021\/es903739f","article-title":"Inactivation of MS2\ncoliphage in Fenton and Fenton-like systems: role of transition metals,\nhydrogen peroxide and sunlight","volume":"44","author":"Nieto-Juarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100910095741700_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.01.025","article-title":"Inactivation of\nMS2 coliphage by Fenton\u2019s reagent","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water\nRes."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100910095741700_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-023-00564-y","article-title":"Electrified water treatment:\nfundamentals and roles of electrode materials","volume":"8","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2026100910095741700_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.08.048","article-title":"Electrocoagulation\nprocesses: A general review about role of electro-generated flocs\nin pollutant removal","volume":"146","author":"Tegladza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ.\nProt."},{"issue":"31","key":"2026100910095741700_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16697","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c02792","article-title":"Facile Control of a Tailed Virus Surrogate by Iron\nConventional Coagulation and Electrocoagulation","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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