{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:37:01Z","timestamp":1792132621382,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599609600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19ZR1405100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19ZR1405100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31625002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31625002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31930005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31930005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The new multidrug-resistant pathogen Candida auris was first described in 2009 in Japan and has emerged in many countries worldwide. This human fungal pathogen has long been considered a haploid fungus. Here, we report the discovery of the diploid form and spontaneous ploidy shifts in clinical isolates of C. auris. Haploid and diploid cells of C. auris differ in several aspects including growth rates, virulence, and global gene expression profiles. For example, diploid cells exhibit a slower growth rate than haploid cells in in vitro culture media; however, they are more virulent than haploid cells in a mouse systemic infection model. Global transcriptional expression analysis demonstrates that both haploid and diploid cells express a set of ploidy-enriched genes, which are involved in the regulation of metabolism, cell wall maintenance, translation and DNA replication, and other important biological processes. Antifungal susceptibility testing shows that haploid and diploid cells exhibit similar responses when treated with a number of antifungals. Taken together, haploid and diploid cells may have different fitness responses to diverse niches, and ploidy changes could be an adaptive strategy of C. auris to environmental changes. Our findings shed new light on the biology and pathogenesis of this emerging fungal pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]],"date-time":"2020-09-09T12:59:17Z","timestamp":1599656357000},"page":"2641-2646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Discovery of the Diploid Form of the Emerging Fungal\nPathogen\n                    <i>Candida auris<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8113-6409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuru","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1259-876X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100101"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1212-1806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian","family":"Bing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-7548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guanghua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8488-6755","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Han","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200438"]},{"name":"Fudan University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200032"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x","article-title":"Candida auris\nsp. nov., a novel ascomycetous\nyeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese\nhospital","volume":"53","author":"Satoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12904","article-title":"Candida auris-the growing\nmenace to global health","volume":"62","author":"Lone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01588","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01588-17","article-title":"Candida auris: an\nEmerging Fungal Pathogen","volume":"56","author":"Spivak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-019-00976-w","article-title":"Rapid and extensive karyotype diversification in haploid\nclinical Candida auris isolates","volume":"65","author":"Bravo\nRuiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Genet."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a019604","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019604","article-title":"Rapid mechanisms\nfor generating genome\ndiversity: whole ploidy shifts, aneuploidy, and loss of heterozygosity","volume":"4","author":"Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Med."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001653","article-title":"Unisexual and heterosexual\nmeiotic reproduction generate aneuploidy and phenotypic diversity\nde novo in the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"11","author":"Ni","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0051-2016","article-title":"Ploidy Variation in Fungi: Polyploidy,\nAneuploidy, and Genome Evolution","volume-title":"The Fungal\nKingdom","author":"Todd","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0095-0","article-title":"The first isolate of Candida auris\nin China: clinical and biological\naspects","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0131-0","article-title":"First cases and risk\nfactors of super\nyeast Candida auris infection or colonization from Shenyang, China","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3037","article-title":"Ploidy changes\nand genome stability in yeast","volume":"31","author":"Storchova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.062","article-title":"Spontaneous Changes\nin Ploidy Are Common in Yeast","volume":"28","author":"Harari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14187","article-title":"Polyploidy\ncan drive rapid adaptation\nin yeast","volume":"519","author":"Selmecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07779-6","article-title":"Genomic insights into multidrug-resistance,\nmating\nand virulence in Candida auris and related emerging species","volume":"9","author":"Munoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0187-x","article-title":"Filamentation in Candida auris, an\nemerging fungal pathogen of humans: passage through the mammalian\nbody induces a heritable phenotypic switch","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2006966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006966","article-title":"Environment-induced same-sex mating\nin the yeast Candida albicans through the Hsf1-Hsp90 pathway","volume":"17","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.3884-3889.2005","article-title":"International and multicenter comparison\nof EUCAST and CLSI M27-A2 broth microdilution methods for testing\nsusceptibilities of Candida spp. to fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole,\nand voriconazole","volume":"43","author":"Espinel-Ingroff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026081722112149000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated\nestimation of fold change\nand dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."}],"container-title":["ACS Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00282","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/6\/10\/2641\/6313099\/id0c00282.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/6\/10\/2641\/6313099\/id0c00282.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:34:18Z","timestamp":1787042058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article\/6\/10\/2641\/614087\/Discovery-of-the-Diploid-Form-of-the-Emerging"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00282","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.738644243.793585096","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2373-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,9]]}}}