{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:26:09Z","timestamp":1787045169859,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-001"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-009"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pandemics such as influenza, smallpox, and plague have caused the loss of hundreds of millions of lives and have occurred for many centuries. Fortunately, they have been largely eliminated by the use of vaccinations and drugs. More recently, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and now Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have arisen, and given the current absence of highly effective approved vaccines or drugs, brute-force approaches involving physical barriers are being used to counter virus spread. A major basis for physical protection from respiratory infections is eye, nose, and mouth protection. However, eye protection with goggles is problematic due to \u201cfogging\u201d, while nose\/mouth protection is complicated by the breathing difficulties associated with non-valved respirators. Here, we give a brief review of the origins and development of face masks and eye protection to counter respiratory infections on the basis of experiments conducted 100 years ago, work that was presaged by the first use of personal protective equipment, \u201cPPE\u201d, by the plague doctors of the 17th Century. The results of the review lead to two conclusions: first, that eye protection using filtered eye masks be used to prevent ocular transmission; second, that new, pre-filtered, valved respirators be used to even more effectively block viral transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T11:59:47Z","timestamp":1591012787000},"page":"1563-1566","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["COVID-19 and Other\nPandemics: How Might They Be Prevented?"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0996-7352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric","family":"Oldfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7606-1932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Satish R.","family":"Malwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Pandemics and the Shape of Human History","volume-title":"The New Yorker","author":"Kolbert","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400105","article-title":"An historical antecedent of modern\nguidelines for community pandemic influenza mitigation","volume":"124","author":"Morens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1918.26020410011008c","article-title":"Face masks in infections of the respiratory\ntract","volume":"71","author":"Doust","year":"1918","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm072576","article-title":"Images in clinical\nmedicine. Coughing and aerosols","volume":"359","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J.\nMed."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2014.88","article-title":"Violent expiratory events: on coughing and sneezing","volume":"745","author":"Bourouiba","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2007800","article-title":"Visualizing speech-generated\noral fluid droplets with laser light scattering","volume":"382","author":"Anfinrud","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit7","first-page":"651","article-title":"Influenza with especial reference\nto the pandemic of 1918","volume":"96","author":"Hurley","year":"1919","journal-title":"Medical Record"},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.10.1.34","article-title":"An experimental\nstudy of the efficacy of gauze face masks","volume":"10","author":"Kellogg","year":"1920","journal-title":"Am.\nJ. Public Health"},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit9","unstructured":"3M Science Applied to Life\n          . 3M Particulate Respirator\n8233, N100, https:\/\/www.3m.com\/3M\/en_US\/company-us\/all-3m-products\/~\/3M-Particulate-Respirator-8233-N100-20-ea-Case\/?N=5002385+3294776421&rt=rud (accessed 2020-04-30)."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2005.08.018","article-title":"Do N95 respirators provide 95% protection\nlevel against airborne viruses, and how adequate are surgical masks?","volume":"34","author":"Balazy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit11","unstructured":"Masks and face coverings for the coronavirus outbreak, https:\/\/sf.gov\/information\/masks-and-face-coverings-coronavirus-outbreak (accessed 2020-05-06)."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1919.02610090020005","article-title":"The transmission\nof infection through the eye","volume":"72","author":"Maxcy","year":"1919","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380190076028","article-title":"The use of eye-nose goggles to control\nnosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"256","author":"Gala","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.33.3.779-783.1981","article-title":"Infectivity\nof respiratory syncytial virus by various routes of inoculation","volume":"33","author":"Hall","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01437-06","article-title":"Viral infection of\nthe lungs through the eye","volume":"81","author":"Bitko","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir238","article-title":"Transocular entry of seasonal influenza-attenuated\nvirus aerosols and the efficacy of N95 respirators, surgical masks,\nand eye protection in humans","volume":"204","author":"Bischoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00058-12","article-title":"Ocular\ntropism of respiratory viruses","volume":"77","author":"Belser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol.\nBiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026081722191272000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.040","article-title":"Addressing the corona virus outbreak: will a novel\nfiltered eye mask help?","volume":"95","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["ACS Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00291","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/6\/7\/1563\/6373862\/id0c00291.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/6\/7\/1563\/6373862\/id0c00291.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:35:27Z","timestamp":1787042127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article\/6\/7\/1563\/618267\/COVID-19-and-Other-Pandemics-How-Might-They-Be"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00291","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}}}