{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:04:32Z","timestamp":1786719872741,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI109022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI109022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nipah virus (NiV), a World Health Organization priority pathogen, is a lethal enveloped RNA virus within the Paramyxoviridae family. NiV attachment G and fusion F glycoproteins execute viral-cell or cell\u2013cell membrane fusion during viral entry and syncytia formation, respectively. Despite past studies, several aspects of the molecular-level orchestration underlying this process, such as how F, G, and their interactions regulate fusion, remain poorly understood, obscured by challenges in decoupling fusion determinants in complex cellular environments. Here, we report a reconstitution-based approach for mimicking the NiV-host interface, employing virus-like particles with NiV M, F, and\/or G proteins and plasma membrane vesicles derived from NiV-permissive host cells. We found this minimal system can accurately recapitulate NiV-host cell fusion, and used this platform for biophysical dissection of NiV fusion using wild-type or mutant F and G proteins affecting fusion at distinct intermediate steps. We show that F and G affect hemifusion and pore formation stages of NiV fusion in distinct ways, revealing a tightly regulated fusion landscape. Our approach also delivers one of the first direct measurements of temperature thresholds for NiV fusion, providing novel insights into energetic requirements underlying viral fusogenicity. These findings demonstrate the power of this approach in dissecting aspects of NiV fusion not accessible via cell-based assays. Thus, this study serves as a blueprint for comprehensive fusion analysis of other viruses with multicomponent fusion machinery and host protein receptors, and could be repurposed into therapeutic screening platforms targeting their fusion mechanisms, necessary for developing novel antivirals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c00374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T12:00:09Z","timestamp":1784808009000},"page":"2601-2613","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biophysical\nElucidation of the Distinct Roles the\nNipah Virus Attachment and Fusion Glycoproteins Play in the Entry\nProcess"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-1402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sreetama","family":"Pal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University , , , ,","place":["Ithaca, New York, United States, 14853"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector C.","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine , , , ,","place":["Ithaca, New York, United States, 14853"]},{"name":"University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , , , ,","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States, 90095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-0835","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University , , , ,","place":["Ithaca, New York, United States, 14853"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081410073433000_cit1","unstructured":"Nipah virus. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/nipah-virus (accessed April 27, 2025)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081410073433000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.007","article-title":"Virus Entry: Open Sesame","volume":"124","author":"Marsh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-111821-093413","article-title":"Viral Membrane Fusion:\nA Dance Between Proteins and Lipids","volume":"10","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev.\nVirol."},{"issue":"7049","key":"2026081410073433000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03838","article-title":"EphrinB2 Is\nthe Entry\nReceptor for Nipah Virus, an Emergent Deadly Paramyxovirus","volume":"436","author":"Negrete","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081410073433000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020007","article-title":"Two Key Residues in EphrinB3 Are\nCritical for Its Use as an Alternative Receptor for Nipah Virus","volume":"2","author":"Negrete","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081410073433000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PPAT.1003770","article-title":"Unraveling a Three-Step\nSpatiotemporal Mechanism of Triggering of Receptor-Induced Nipah Virus\nFusion and Cell Entry","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081410073433000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02277-14","article-title":"Nipah Virus Attachment Glycoprotein\nStalk C-Terminal Region Links Receptor Binding to Fusion Triggering","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081410073433000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3619","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.032169","article-title":"Fusion-Pore Expansion during Syncytium\nFormation Is Restricted by an Actin Network","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081410073433000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091755","article-title":"Drivers and Distribution of Henipavirus-Induced Syncytia:\nWhat Do We Know?","volume":"13","author":"Gamble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026081410073433000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2012_200","article-title":"Henipavirus Membrane Fusion and Viral Entry","volume":"359","author":"Aguilar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081410073433000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.80.10.4878-4889.2006","article-title":"N-Glycans on Nipah Virus Fusion Protein\nProtect against Neutralization but Reduce Membrane Fusion and Viral\nEntry","volume":"80","author":"Aguilar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081410073433000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MBIO.03222-21","article-title":"Novel Roles of the Nipah Virus Attachment\nGlycoprotein\nand Its Mobility in Early and Late Membrane Fusion Steps","volume":"13","author":"Ortega","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05480-2","article-title":"A Stochastic Assembly\nModel for Nipah Virus Revealed by Super-Resolution Microscopy","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081410073433000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIADV.ABE1235","article-title":"EphrinB2\nClustering by Nipah Virus G Is Required to Activate and Trap F Intermediates\nat Supported Lipid Bilayer-Cell Interfaces","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026081410073433000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP97017","DOI":"10.7554\/ELIFE.97017.2","article-title":"The Nanoscale Organization of the Nipah Virus Fusion Protein Informs\nNew Membrane Fusion Mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081410073433000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.01.006","article-title":"Paramyxoviruses: Different Receptors \u2013 Different\nMechanisms of Fusion","volume":"16","author":"Iorio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081410073433000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.07.021","article-title":"Paramyxovirus Fusion:\nReal-Time Measurement of Parainfluenza\nVirus 5 Virus\u2013Cell Fusion","volume":"355","author":"Connolly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081410073433000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.09.17","article-title":"Glycoprotein\nInteractions in Paramyxovirus\nFusion","volume":"4","author":"Iorio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081410073433000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.03.005","article-title":"Modes of Paramyxovirus Fusion: A Henipavirus Perspective","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081410073433000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3390\/v4040613","article-title":"Paramyxovirus Fusion and Entry: Multiple\nPaths to a\nCommon End","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026081410073433000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7651-1_6","article-title":"Paramyxovirus Entry","volume":"790","author":"Bossart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026081410073433000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.01.005","article-title":"Activation of Paramyxovirus\nMembrane Fusion and Virus\nEntry","volume":"5","author":"Jardetzky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081410073433000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-016-0040-8","article-title":"Paramyxovirus\nGlycoproteins\nand the Membrane Fusion Process","volume":"3","author":"Aguilar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Clin.\nMicrobiol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0267","article-title":"Fusion Protein of\nthe Paramyxovirus\nSV5: Destabilizing and Stabilizing Mutants of Fusion Activation","volume":"270","author":"Paterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026081410073433000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11991","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01304-12","article-title":"N-Glycans on the\nNipah Virus Attachment Glycoprotein Modulate Fusion and Viral Entry\nas They Protect against Antibody Neutralization","volume":"86","author":"Biering","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081410073433000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MSYSTEMS.00194-19","article-title":"Nipah Virus-Like Particle Egress Is Modulated by Cytoskeletal\nand Vesicular Trafficking Pathways: A Validated Particle Proteomics\nAnalysis","volume":"4","author":"Johnston","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081410073433000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.007","article-title":"A Mature and Fusogenic\nForm of the Nipah Virus Fusion Protein Requires Proteolytic Processing\nby Cathepsin L","volume":"346","author":"Pager","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081410073433000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/NPROT.2012.059","article-title":"Elucidating Membrane\nStructure and Protein Behavior\nUsing Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles","volume":"7","author":"Sezgin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026081410073433000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6409","DOI":"10.1021\/la400861u","article-title":"Membrane Fusion-Competent\nVirus-Like Proteoliposomes and Proteinaceous Supported Bilayers Made\nDirectly from Cell Plasma Membranes","volume":"29","author":"Costello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026081410073433000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2018.02.007","article-title":"Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles:\nAn Experimental Tool for Probing the Effects of Drugs and Other Conditions\non Membrane Domain Stability","author":"Gerstle","year":"2018"},{"issue":"32","key":"2026081410073433000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.06.034","article-title":"Single Particle Assay of Coronavirus Membrane Fusion\nwith Proteinaceous Receptor-Embedded Supported Bilayers","volume":"34","author":"Costello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"2026081410073433000_cit32","first-page":"61S","article-title":"Fluorescence\nAssays to Monitor Membrane Fusion: Potential Application in Biliary\nLipid Secretion and Vesicle Interactions","volume":"12","author":"Hoekstra","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026081410073433000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8480","DOI":"10.1021\/AC3006473","article-title":"Influenza Virus-Membrane\nFusion Triggered by Proton\nUncaging for Single Particle Studies of Fusion Kinetics","volume":"84","author":"Costello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081410073433000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3390\/v4071144","article-title":"Influenza Virus-Mediated Membrane\nFusion: Determinants of Hemagglutinin Fusogenic Activity and Experimental\nApproaches for Assessing Virus Fusion","volume":"4","author":"Hamilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026081410073433000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12416","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.462028","article-title":"Anionic Lipids Are Required for Vesicular\nStomatitis\nVirus G Protein-Mediated Single Particle Fusion with Supported Lipid\nBilayers","volume":"288","author":"Matos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081410073433000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00494","article-title":"Dependence\nof Zika Membrane Fusion Kinetics Reveals an Off-Pathway State","volume":"4","author":"Rawle","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081410073433000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3108","article-title":"In Vitro Membrane\nInteraction and\nLiposome Fusion Assays Using Recombinant Hepatitis C Virus Envelope\nProtein E2","volume":"8","author":"Ye\u0301lamos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio-Protoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01982-20","article-title":"Precise\nTriggering\nand Chemical Control of Single-Virus Fusion within Endosomes","volume":"95","author":"Haldar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081410073433000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90610-N","article-title":"Inhibition of Sendai\nVirus Fusion with Phospholipid Vesicles and Human Erythrocyte Membranes\nby Hydrophobic Peptides","volume":"182","author":"Kelsey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081410073433000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02323-20","article-title":"Roles of Cholesterol\nin Early and Late Steps of the Nipah Virus Membrane Fusion Cascade","volume":"95","author":"Contreras","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026081410073433000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49044","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c07645","article-title":"Single-Virus\nLipid-Mixing Study of Sendai Virus Provides Insight into Fusion Mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026081410073433000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8033","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00469-10","article-title":"Quantitative\nand Kinetic Fusion Protein-Triggering Assay Can Discern Distinct Steps\nin the Nipah Virus Membrane Fusion Cascade","volume":"84","author":"Aguilar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"48","key":"2026081410073433000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22720","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR07755J","article-title":"Dissociation of Fluorescently Labeled Lipids from Liposomes\nin Biological Environments Challenges the Interpretation of Uptake\nStudies","volume":"10","author":"Mu\u0308nter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2026081410073433000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2014.10.001","article-title":"Unity in\ndiversity: shared mechanism of entry among paramyxoviruses","volume":"129","author":"Palgen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081410073433000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807469200","article-title":"A Novel Receptor-Induced\nActivation Site in the Nipah Virus Attachment Glycoprotein (G) Involved\nin Triggering the Fusion Glycoprotein (F)","volume":"284","author":"Aguilar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\nBiol. Chem."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026081410073433000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6041","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00267a003","article-title":"Sendai Virus Membrane Fusion: Time Course and Effect\nof Temperature, PH, Calcium, and Receptor Concentration","volume":"21","author":"Haywood","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16766.x","article-title":"Kinetic Modeling of\nSendai Virus Fusion with PC-12 Cells","volume":"205","author":"Pedroso de Lima","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J.\nBiochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890360109","article-title":"Temperature\nEnhancement of Syncytium Formation by HIV and Sendai Virus","volume":"36","author":"Kinchington","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0280","article-title":"Temperature Dependence of Fusion\nby Sendai Virus","volume":"271","author":"Wharton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081410073433000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-004-0678-7","article-title":"Effects of Temperature\non Viral Glycoprotein\nMobility and a Possible Role of Internal \u201cViroskeleton\u201d\nProteins in Sendai Virus Fusion","volume":"199","author":"Ohki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026081410073433000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6947","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00416-09","article-title":"Kinetic Dependence\nof Paramyxovirus\nEntry Inhibition","volume":"83","author":"Porotto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081410073433000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.3.1462-1472.1995","article-title":"Temperature\nDependence\nof Cell-Cell Fusion Induced by the Envelope Glycoprotein of Human\nImmunodeficiency Virus Type 1","volume":"69","author":"Frey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026081410073433000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01600-8","article-title":"Varying Effects of Temperature, Ca 2+ and Cytochalasin\non Fusion Activity Mediated by Human Immunodeficiency\nVirus Type 1 and Type 2 Glycoproteins","volume":"474","author":"Jernigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS\nLett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-3-36","article-title":"The Temperature\nArrested Intermediate of Virus-Cell\nFusion Is a Functional Step in HIV Infection","volume":"3","author":"Henderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081410073433000_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-003-2040-x","article-title":"Kinetics of Influenza Virus Fusion\nwith the Endosomal and Plasma Membranes of Cultured Cells. Effect\nof Temperature","volume":"195","author":"Nunes-Correia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081410073433000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13108","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01925-12","article-title":"Intrinsic\nTemperature Sensitivity of Influenza C Virus Hemagglutinin-Esterase-Fusion\nProtein","volume":"86","author":"Takashita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081410073433000_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83498-6","article-title":"Mechanism\nof Fusion\nof Sendai Virus: Role of Hydrophobic Interactions and Mobility Constraints\nof Viral Membrane Proteins: Effects of Polyethylene Glycol","volume":"264","author":"Hoekstra","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026081410073433000_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2003.10.016","article-title":"The Mechanisms\nof Lipid\u2013Protein Rearrangements during Viral Infection","volume":"63","author":"Chizmadzhev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081410073433000_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.13","article-title":"Architecture\nof a Nascent Viral Fusion Pore","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026081410073433000_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.009961","article-title":"Receptor-Mediated Cell\nEntry of Paramyxoviruses: Mechanisms, and Consequences for Tropism\nand Pathogenesis","volume":"295","author":"Navaratnarajah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. 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