{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:09:15Z","timestamp":1789135755519,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The kinetoplastid neglected tropical diseases, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, are vector-borne diseases that remain a persistent global health challenge. Progress has been made in combating human African trypanosomiasis, but efforts to contain other kinetoplastid diseases have been slower. The current drugs used for treatment have limitations, such as drug resistance, toxicity, high cost, and limited access. To overcome these challenges, alternative therapeutic strategies are being explored, including drug combinations, drug repurposing, and nanotechnology, which have shown promise in other diseases, like cancer. Combination therapies, both conventional and nanobased, have the potential to enhance antiparasitic efficacy, reduce side effects, and prevent resistance development. This review focuses on the efficacy and safety of drug combinations for kinetoplastid neglected tropical diseases, highlighting current conventional combination therapies and ongoing research on both conventional and nanobased combination therapies in various stages of development. The review aims to provide novel insights and promote future research for the development of innovative, safe, and effective drug combination therapies. This will help in accelerating progress toward the elimination of Kinetoplastid neglected tropical diseases, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 3.3 to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all, at every stage of life and to end the epidemics of neglected tropical diseases by 2030.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:01:19Z","timestamp":1787155279000},"page":"2922-2964","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Harnessing Conventional\nand Nanotechnology-Enabled\nCombination Therapies to Combat Kinetoplastid Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3264-1887","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eman Fathi","family":"Fadel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sohag University , , ,","place":["Sohag, Egypt, 82524"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha M.","family":"Eissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria University , , ,","place":["Alexandria, Egypt, 21523"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008001","article-title":"What Constitutes a\nNeglected Tropical Disease?","volume":"14","author":"Hotez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop.\nDis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit2","unstructured":"Shanahan, M.\n          \n          Beat Neglected Diseases\u2019\nto Fight HIV, TB and Malaria; SciDev.Net, 2006. https:\/\/www.scidev.net\/global\/disease\/news\/xbeat-neglected-diseases-to-fight-hiv-tb-and-mal.html (accessed 28 July 2026)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"taaa179","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa179","article-title":"Neglected\nTropical Diseases in Non-Endemic Countries\nin the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic: the Great Forgotten","volume":"28","author":"Tilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit4","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n          \n          Ending the Neglect to\nAttain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected\nTropical Diseases 2021\u20132030; WHO: Geneva, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240010352 (accessed 10 December 2024)."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit5","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n          \n          WHO Officially Recognizes\nNoma as a Neglected Tropical Disease; WHO, 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/15-12-2023-who-officially-recognizes-noma-as-a-neglected-tropical-disease (accessed 7 February 2023)."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit6","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n          \n          Neglected Tropical Diseases; WHO, 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/questions-and-answers\/item\/neglected-tropical-diseases (accessed 10 December 2024)."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53933","article-title":"Neglected\nTropical Diseases: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"16","author":"Jayashankar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003785","article-title":"Monitoring\nthe Progress\ntowards the Elimination of Gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"Simarro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091109085226100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-023-00304-w","article-title":"Human African\nTrypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)-Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations,\nDiagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention","volume":"10","author":"Ortiz-Marti\u0301nez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr.\nTrop. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091109085226100_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00298","article-title":"Drug Discovery for\nKinetoplastid Diseases: Future Directions","volume":"5","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS\nInfect. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091109085226100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002505","article-title":"The improbable\ntransmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to Human: the Missing\nLink in the Dynamics\nand Control of Chagas Disease","volume":"7","author":"Nouvellet","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop.\nDis."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026091109085226100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285663","article-title":"The Stigma Associated with Cutaneous\nLeishmaniasis\n(CL) and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL): A Protocol for a Systematic\nReview","volume":"18","author":"Nuwangi","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106210","article-title":"Drug Associations\nas Alternative and Complementary Therapy for Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"225","author":"Ferraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665274","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2021.665274","article-title":"Nano Based Approach for the Treatment of Neglected\nTropical Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Pandian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026091109085226100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103264","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated\nCombination Therapy: Two-in-One Approach for Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Gurunathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026091109085226100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902906","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902906","article-title":"A Novel Targeted and High-Efficiency Nanosystem for Combinational\nTherapy for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv.\nSci."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.04.024","article-title":"Oral Hypoglycaemic\nEffect of GLP-1 and DPP4 Inhibitor\nBased Nanocomposites in a Diabetic Animal Model","volume":"232","author":"Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091109085226100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-019-1581-y","article-title":"Development\nof Methotrexate and Minocycline Loaded\nNanoparticles for the Effective Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Janakiraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103335","article-title":"pH-Sensitive\nLiposomes for Colonic\nCo-Delivery of Mesalazine and Curcumin for the Treatment of Ulcerative\nColitis","volume":"72","author":"Aib","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01668-1","article-title":"Multifunctional\nNanoparticle-Mediated Combining Therapy\nfor Human Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted\nTher."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit21","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n          \n          Chagas\nDisease (American\nTrypanosomiasis); WHO, 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis) (accessed 21 September 2025)."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111778","article-title":"Combined Therapy with Benznidazole and Repurposed Drugs\nClofazimine and Benidipine for Chronic Chagas Disease","volume":"184","author":"Sbaraglini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105606","article-title":"In Vitro And\nIn Vivo\nActivity of Voriconazole and Benznidazole Combination on Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection Models","volume":"211","author":"Gulin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002367","article-title":"Benznidazole\nand Posaconazole in Experimental Chagas Disease: Positive Interaction\nin Concomitant and Sequential Treatments","volume":"7","author":"Diniz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS\nNegl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091109085226100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.12.023","article-title":"Benznidazole and Posaconazole\nin Eliminating Parasites in Asymptomatic T. Cruzi Carriers: The STOP-CHAGAS Trial","volume":"69","author":"Morillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll\nCardiol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00401-18","article-title":"Outcome\nof E1224-Benznidazole Combination Treatment for Infection with a Multidrug-Resistant Trypanosoma cruzi Strain in Mice","volume":"62","author":"Diniz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091109085226100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30844-6","article-title":"BENDITA study group. New regimens of benznidazole monotherapy\nand in combination with fosravuconazole for treatment of Chagas disease\n(BENDITA): a phase 2, double-blind, randomised trial","volume":"21","author":"Torrico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091109085226100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02264-18","article-title":"Synergic\nEffect\nof Allopurinol in Combination with Nitroheterocyclic Compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"63","author":"Mazzeti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents\nChemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091109085226100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001567","article-title":"Experimental\nCombination Therapy Using Low Doses of Benznidazole and Allopurinol\nin Mouse Models of Trypanosoma Cruzi Chronic Infection","volume":"146","author":"Rial","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000176","article-title":"Combined Treatment with Benznidazole\nand Allopurinol\nin Mice Infected with a Virulent Trypanosoma Cruzi Isolate from Nicaragua","volume":"140","author":"Grosso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks390","article-title":"Sequential\nCombined Treatment with\nAllopurinol and Benznidazole in the Chronic Phase of Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection: A Pilot Study","volume":"68","author":"Perez-Mazliah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\nAntimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.05.005","article-title":"Itraconazole\nand Their Combination in the Treatment of Acute Experimental Chagas\nDisease in Dogs","volume":"204","author":"Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855119","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.855119","article-title":"Miltefosine\nand Benznidazole Combination\nImprove Anti-Trypanosoma Cruzi In Vitro and In Vivo\nEfficacy","volume":"12","author":"Gulin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55905\/oelv22n7-171","article-title":"Benznidazole\/Miltefosine\nCombination\nImproves the Treatment of Chagas Disease","volume":"22","author":"Mota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Obs.\nEcon. Latinoam."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091109085226100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000234","article-title":"Repurposing Strategies for Chagas Disease Therapy:\nThe Effect of Imatinib and Derivatives against Trypanosoma Cruzi","volume":"146","author":"Simo\u0303es-Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085706","article-title":"A Quinoxaline\nDerivative as a Potent Chemotherapeutic Agent, Alone or in Combination\nwith Benznidazole, against Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"9","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000955","article-title":"Activity profile of two 5-nitroindazole derivatives over the moderately\ndrug-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain (DTU TcII):\nin vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"147","author":"Fonseca-Berzal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.10.030","article-title":"Treatment with 3\u2032-Deoxyadenosine\nand Deoxycoformycin in Mice Infected by Trypanosoma Cruzi and Its Side Effect on Purinergic Enzymes","volume":"113","author":"Do Carmo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106314","article-title":"4-Nitrobenzoylcoumarin\nPotentiates the Antiparasitic, Anti-Inflammatory and Cardioprotective\nEffects of Benznidazole in a Murine Model of Acute Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection","volume":"228","author":"Vilas-Boas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"issue":"726","key":"2026091109085226100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adg8105","article-title":"Short-Course Combination Treatment for Experimental Chronic Chagas\nDisease","volume":"15","author":"Gonza\u0301lez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975931","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.975931","article-title":"Benznidazole\nand Amiodarone Combined\nTreatment Attenuates Cytoskeletal Damage in Trypanosoma Cruzi-Infected Cardiac Cells","volume":"12","author":"Barbosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect.\nMicrobiol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116742","article-title":"Preclinical\nEvaluation of Combined Therapy with Amiodarone and Low-Dose Benznidazole\nin a Mouse Model of Chronic Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection","volume":"175","author":"Barbosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091109085226100_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00979-18","article-title":"Repurposing Strategy of Atorvastatin\nagainst Trypanosoma cruzi: In Vitro Monotherapy and\nCombined Therapy with Benznidazole Exhibit Synergistic Trypanocidal\nActivity","volume":"62","author":"Araujo-Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091109085226100_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz516","article-title":"Evaluation of Phthalazinone\nPhosphodiesterase Inhibitors with Improved Activity and Selectivity\nagainst Trypanosoma Cruzi","volume":"75","author":"De Arau\u0301jo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091109085226100_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00960-20","article-title":"Tetrahydrophthalazinone\nInhibitor of Phosphodiesterase with In Vitro Activity against Intracellular\nTrypanosomatids","volume":"65","author":"De Arau\u0301jo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091109085226100_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02123-15","article-title":"Combination Chemotherapy with Suboptimal\nDoses of Benznidazole and Pentoxifylline Sustains Partial Reversion\nof Experimental Chagas\u2019 Heart Disease","volume":"60","author":"Vilar-Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02497-19","article-title":"Amlodipine Increases the Therapeutic\nPotential of Ravuconazole upon Trypanosoma cruzi Infection","volume":"60","author":"Machado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.07.005","article-title":"The Immunomodulatory Effects of the\nEnalapril in Combination with Benznidazole during Acute and Chronic\nPhases of the Experimental Infection with Trypanosoma Cruzi","volume":"174","author":"Leite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617917","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.617917","article-title":"Combination\nwith Tomatidine Improves the Potency of Posaconazole against Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"11","author":"Rocha-Hasler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect.\nMicrobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03248-8","article-title":"Essential\nOils from Syzygium Aromaticum and Zingiber Officinale, Administered Alone or in Combination with Benznidazole,\nReduce the Parasite Load in Mice Orally Inoculated with Trypanosoma Cruzi II","volume":"21","author":"Sarto","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.01.002","article-title":"Efficacy\nof Essential Oil of Syzygium Aromaticum Alone and in Combination with\nBenznidazole on Murine Oral Infection with Trypanosoma Cruzi IV","volume":"185","author":"Junior","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2293-7","article-title":"Induction of Programmed Cell Death in Trypanosoma Cruzi by Lippia Alba Essential Oils and\ntheir Major and Synergistic Terpenes (Citral, Limonene and Caryophyllene\nOxide)","volume":"18","author":"Marcela Moreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern. Med."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5578\/mb.20250312","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi ile Mu\u0308cadelede Yenilikc\u0327i Bir Kombinasyon:\nBenznidazol ve Uc\u0327ucu Yag\u0306 Biles\u0327enlerinin Sinerjik\nEtkisi [An Innovative Combination in the Combat Against Trypanosoma cruzi: The Synergistic Effect of Benznidazole and Essential\nOil Components]","volume":"59","author":"O\u0308zel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol. Bul."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006764","article-title":"Anti-Parasitic\nEffect of Vitamin C Alone and in Combination with Benznidazole against Trypanosoma Cruzi","volume":"12","author":"Puente","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop.\nDis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00343-16","article-title":"Curcumin Enhances\nthe Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Activity of Benznidazole-Based\nChemotherapy in Acute Experimental Chagas Disease","volume":"60","author":"Novaes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06944-5","article-title":"Evaluation\nof the Anti-Trypanosoma Cruzi Activity In Vitro And\nIn Vivo Of Silibinin And Silibinin In Association To Benznidazole","volume":"120","author":"Torchelsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091109085226100_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001001","article-title":"Combination Therapy Using Nitro Compounds\nImproves\nthe Efficacy of Experimental Chagas Disease Treatment","volume":"148","author":"Mazzeti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01667-15","article-title":"In Vitro\nand\nIn Vivo Trypanosomicidal Action of Novel Arylimidamides against Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"60","author":"Guedes-da-Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents\nChemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.08.025","article-title":"Drug\nrepurposing strategy against Trypanosoma cruzi infection:\nIn vitro and in vivo assessment of the activity of metronidazole in\nmono- and combined therapy","volume":"145","author":"Simo\u0303es-Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091109085226100_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761987000200009","article-title":"Effect of Drugs on Trypanosoma Cruzi and on Its Interaction with Heart Muscle Cell In Vitro","volume":"82","author":"de Castro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0644-2","article-title":"Allopurinol is Effective\nto Modify the Evolution of Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection\nin Mice","volume":"101","author":"Gobbi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803125002751","article-title":"Itraconazole\nor Allopurinol in the Treatment of Chronic\nAmerican Trypanosomiasis: The Regression and Prevention of Electrocardiographic\nAbnormalities during 9 Years of Follow-up","volume":"97","author":"Apt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann.\nTrop Med. Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091109085226100_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821988000200011","article-title":"Inefica\u0301cia\ndo\nallopurinol em pacientes na fase aguda da doenc\u0327a de chagas\n[Ineffectiveness of Allopurinol in Patients in hte Acute Phase of\nChagas Disease]","volume":"21","author":"Lauria-Pires","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras Med. Trop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.58","article-title":"Specific\nTreatment for Trypanosoma Cruzi: Lack of Efficacy of Allopurinol in the Human Chronic\nPhase of Chagas Disease","volume":"76","author":"Rassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926699","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.926699","article-title":"The Repositioned Drugs Disulfiram\/Diethyldithiocarbamate\nCombined to Benznidazole: Searching for Chagas Disease Selective Therapy,\nPreventing Toxicity and Drug Resistance","volume":"12","author":"Almeida-Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front.\nCell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010021","article-title":"Repurposing the Antidiabetic\nDrugs Glyburide, Gliquidone, and Glipizide in Combination with Benznidazole\nfor Trypanosoma cruzi Infection","volume":"18","author":"Va\u0301zquez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091109085226100_cit67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00069-20","article-title":"Combination Therapy Using Benznidazole\nand Aspirin during the Acute\nPhase of Experimental Chagas Disease Prevents Cardiovascular Dysfunction\nand Decreases Typical Cardiac Lesions in the Chronic Phase","volume":"64","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82930-w","article-title":"Vaccine-Linked Chemotherapy\nInduces IL-17 Production and Reduces Cardiac Pathology during Acute Trypanosoma Cruzi Infection","volume":"11","author":"Cruz-Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091109085226100_cit69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00876-17","article-title":"Vaccine-Linked\nChemotherapy Improves\nBenznidazole Efficacy for Acute Chagas Disease","volume":"86","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106334","article-title":"Assessment of a Combined Treatment\nwith a Therapeutic Vaccine and Benznidazole for the Trypanosoma Cruzi Chronic Infection","volume":"229","author":"Prochetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106315","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1106315","article-title":"Vaccine-Linked\nChemotherapy\nImproves Cardiac Structure and Function in a Mouse Model of Chronic\nChagas Disease","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010258","article-title":"Vaccine-Linked\nChemotherapy with a Low Dose of Benznidazole Plus a Bivalent Recombinant\nProtein Vaccine Prevents the Development of Cardiac Fibrosis Caused\nby Trypanosoma Cruzi in Chronically-Infected BALB\/c\nMice","volume":"16","author":"Dzul-Huchim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit73","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information.\n          \n          PubChem\nDatabase; National Library of Medicine: Bethesda, MD. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 1 July 2026)."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104907","article-title":"Could Phenothiazine-Benznidazole\nCombined Chemotherapy Be Effective in Controlling Heart Parasitism\nand Acute Infectious Myocarditis?","volume":"158","author":"Mendonc\u0327a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol.\nRes."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106611","article-title":"Thioridazine Aggravates\nSkeletal\nMyositis, Systemic and Liver Inflammation in Trypanosoma Cruzi-Infected and Benznidazole-Treated Mice","volume":"85","author":"Mendonc\u0327a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int.\nImmunopharmacol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017018","article-title":"Effects\nof Astaxanthin in Mice Acutely Infected with Trypanosoma Cruzi","volume":"24","author":"Contreras-Ortiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5999","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00779-15","article-title":"Concomitant Benznidazole\nand Suramin Chemotherapy in\nMice Infected with a Virulent Strain of Trypanosoma Cruzi","volume":"59","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.001","article-title":"In Vitro Effects\nof Suramin on Trypanosoma Cruzi","volume":"31","author":"Bisaggio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob.\nAgents"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001281","article-title":"Differential Tissue Distribution Of Discrete Typing\nUnits after Drug Combination Therapy in Experimental Trypanosoma Cruzi Mixed Infection","volume":"148","author":"Strauss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026091109085226100_cit80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16650","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c00669","article-title":"Dual Treatment\nof Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy and Parasitic Burden via Combination\nNanotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Staneviciute","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14091822","article-title":"Solid Nanomedicines\nof Nifurtimox\nand Benznidazole for the Oral Treatment of Chagas Disease","volume":"14","author":"Rolon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091109085226100_cit82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-025-01074-3","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation of a Hybrid Miltefosine-Silver\nNanoparticle Complex: Synergistic Interaction with Benznidazole against Trypanosoma Cruzi","volume":"70","author":"O\u0308zel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111415","article-title":"Achieving\nthe Optimal AgO Concentrations to Modulate the Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi\nActivity of Ag-ZnO\/AgO Nanocomposites: In Vivo Investigations","volume":"16","author":"Neto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22451","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22451","article-title":"A New Approach\nto Chemotherapy:\nDrug-Induced Differentiation Kills African Trypanosomes","volume":"6","author":"Wenzler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32758-7","article-title":"Oral Fexinidazole for\nLate-Stage African Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense Trypanosomiasis: A Pivotal Multicentre,\nRandomised, Non-Inferiority Trial","volume":"391","author":"Mesu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091109085226100_cit86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00581-4","article-title":"New WHO Guidelines for Treating Rhodesiense\nHuman African Trypanosomiasis: Expanded Indications for Fexinidazole\nand Pentamidine","volume":"25","author":"Lindner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.05.006","article-title":"Front-Line\nGlioblastoma Chemotherapeutic Temozolomide\nIs Toxic to Trypanosoma Brucei and Potently Enhances\nMelarsoprol and Eflornithine","volume":"178","author":"Steverding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091109085226100_cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis886","article-title":"Nifurtimox-Eflornithine\nCombination\nTherapy for Second-Stage Gambiense Human African trypanosomiasis:\nMe\u0301decins Sans Frontie\u0300res Experience in the Democratic\nRepublic of the Congo","volume":"56","author":"Alirol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2634-x","article-title":"A multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority\nclinical\ntrial comparing a nifurtimox-eflornithine combination to standard\neflornithine monotherapy for late stage Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in Uganda","volume":"11","author":"Kansiime","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091109085226100_cit90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009903","article-title":"Effectiveness\nof Nifurtimox Eflornithine Combination\nTherapy (NECT) in T. b. gambiense Second Stage Sleeping\nSickness Patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Report from\na Field Study","volume":"15","author":"Kuemmerle","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091109085226100_cit91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-022-00693-2","article-title":"Population\nPharmacodynamic\nModeling of Eflornithine-Based Treatments against Late-Stage Gambiense\nHuman African Trypanosomiasis and Efficacy Predictions of L-Eflornithine-Based\nTherapy","volume":"24","author":"Amilon","year":"2022","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828111","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.828111","article-title":"An Update\non African\nTrypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance","volume":"9","author":"Kasozi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front.\nVet. Sci."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8477","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108477","article-title":"Dipeptide Nitrile CD34\nwith Curcumin: A New Improved Combination Strategy to Synergistically\nInhibit Rhodesain of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","volume":"24","author":"Di Chio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012103","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba Attenuated Detrimental Inflammatory and Oxidative Events due to\nTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Mice Treated with Melarsoprol","volume":"18","author":"Wendo","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109138","article-title":"Azithromycin and Diminazene Aceturate\nCombination Therapy in Experimental Multidrug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei Infection in Albino Rats","volume":"282","author":"Obi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112805","article-title":"In vitro and\nin vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of combination therapy of Anogeissus\nleiocarpus, Khaya senegalensis and potash","volume":"258","author":"Tauheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\nEthnopharmacol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.11.002","article-title":"Nanobody Conjugated PLGA Nanoparticles\nfor Active Targeting of African Trypanosomiasis","volume":"197","author":"Arias","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00724","article-title":"Nanobodies as Tools\nto Understand,\nDiagnose, and Treat African Trypanosomiasis","volume":"8","author":"Stijlemans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit99","unstructured":"World Health Organization.\n          \n          Leishmaniasis; WHO, 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis (accessed 28 December 2025)."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012735","article-title":"Progress in Antileishmanial\nDrugs: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Prospects","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026091109085226100_cit101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012242","article-title":"A phase II, non-comparative\nrandomised trial of two treatments involving liposomal amphotericin\nB and miltefosine for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in India\nand Bangladesh","volume":"18","author":"Sundar","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac127","article-title":"Ambisome Monotherapy\nand Combination Ambisome\u2013Miltefosine Therapy for The Treatment\nof Visceral Leishmaniasis in Patients Coinfected with Human Immunodeficiency\nVirus in India: A Randomized Open-Label, Parallel-Arm, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"75","author":"Burza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04231-14","article-title":"Experimental\nResistance to Drug Combinations in Leishmania donovani: Metabolic\nand Phenotypic Adaptations","volume":"59","author":"Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents\nChemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241044","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2023.1241044","article-title":"Challenges\nIn Drug Discovery and Description Targeting Leishmania Spp.: Enzymes, Structural Proteins, and Transporters","volume":"4","author":"Mendoza-Leo\u0301n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009713","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of a Combined\nTreatment of Sodium Stibogluconate\nat 20mg\/kg\/Day with Upper Maximum Daily Dose Limit of 850mg and Paromomycin\n15mg\/kg\/Day in HIV Negative Visceral Leishmaniasis, Patients. A Retrospective\nStudy, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Tamiru","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop.\nDis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001674","article-title":"Sodium Stibogluconate\n(SSG) &\nParomomycin Combination Compared to SSG for Visceral Leishmaniasis\nin East Africa: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"6","author":"Musa","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-016-0481-0","article-title":"Safety and Effectiveness of Sodium\nStibogluconate and Paromomycin Combination for the Treatment of Visceral\nLeishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: Results from a Pharmacovigilance\nProgramme","volume":"37","author":"Kimutai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257229","article-title":"Assessment\nof Serum\nAmylase, Lipase and Associated Factors among Patients with Visceral\nLeishmaniasis Treated with Sodium Stibogluconate\/Paromomycin at University\nof Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Mengstie","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12603","article-title":"Sodium Stibogluconate and Paromomycin for Treating\nVisceral Leishmaniasis Under Routine Conditions in Eastern Sudan","volume":"20","author":"Atia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit110","first-page":"06","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of\n14-Day Treatment with Paromomycin and Miltefosine for Primary Visceral\nLeishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: Non-Inferiority Trial","volume-title":"MSF Scientific Day International 2023","author":"Solomos","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091109085226100_cit111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac643","article-title":"Paromomycin and Miltefosine\nCombination as an Alternative to Treat Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis\nin Eastern Africa: A Randomized, Controlled, Multicountry Trial","volume":"76","author":"Musa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad286","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of a\nCombination of Miltefosine and Paromomycin in Eastern African Children\nand Adults with Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"78","author":"Verrest","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob.\nChemother."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026091109085226100_cit113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011780","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy\nof Paromomycin\/Miltefosine\/Liposomal Amphotericin B Combinations for\nthe Treatment of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Sudan: A Phase\nII, Open Label, Randomized, Parallel Arm Study","volume":"17","author":"Younis","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045668","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1045668","article-title":"Use of N-acetylcysteine as Treatment Adjuvant\nRegulates Immune Response in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Pilot Clinical\nTrial and In Vitro Experiments","volume":"12","author":"Magalha\u0303es","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell.\nInfect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01133","article-title":"Targeted Oral Fixed-Dose Combination\nof Amphotericin B-Miltefosine for Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"22","author":"Ferna\u0301ndez-Garci\u0301a","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7020029","article-title":"Antileishmanial Efficacy of the Calpain Inhibitor MDL28170\nin Combination with Amphotericin B","volume":"7","author":"Branquinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med.\nInfect Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155319","article-title":"Lupeol and amphotericin B mediate\nsynergistic anti-leishmanial\nimmunomodulatory effects in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB\/c mice","volume":"137","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107291","article-title":"Synergic\nEffect of Eugenol Oleate\nwith Amphotericin B Augments Anti-Leishmanial Immune Response in Experimental\nVisceral Leishmaniasis In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"91","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026091109085226100_cit119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100855","article-title":"Ursolic Acid\nPotentializes Conventional Therapy in Experimental Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Jesus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155623","article-title":"Oral Combination\nof Eugenol Oleate\nand Miltefosine Induce Immune Response during Experimental Visceral\nLeishmaniasis Through Nitric Oxide Generation with Advanced Cytokine\nDemand","volume":"146","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00229","article-title":"Miltefosine-Lopinavir Combination\nTherapy against Leishmania infantum Infection: In\nvitro and in vivo Approaches","volume":"9","author":"Rebello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect.\nMicrobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-04958-z","article-title":"Prunus amygdalus var. amara Seed\nExtract Enhances the Antileishmanial Activity of Miltefosine","volume":"25","author":"Akand","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026091109085226100_cit123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021635","article-title":"Miltefosine\nand Nifuratel Combination: A Promising Therapy for the Treatment of Leishmania donovani Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"24","author":"Melcon-Fernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.03.005","article-title":"Synergistic Combination\nof Alkylphosphocholines\nwith Peptaibols in Targeting Leishmania infantum In\nVitro","volume":"8","author":"Fragiadaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.02676-20","article-title":"Effect\nof Itraconazole-Ezetimibe-Miltefosine Ternary Therapy in Murine Visceral\nLeishmaniasis","volume":"65","author":"Andrade-Neto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit135","article-title":"Microbial Translocation Induces An Intense Proinflammatory Response\nIn Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV Type 1 Coinfection","volume":"208","author":"Santos-Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760240266","article-title":"Concomitant\nUse of Anti-Leishmanial Therapy and Antibacterial Prophylaxis Reduces\nPlasma LPS Levels and Improves Several Aspects of Experimental Leishmania infantum Infection in Golden Hamsters","volume":"120","author":"Santos-Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.30919\/esfaf764","article-title":"Partial Characterization and Combination\nTherapy with\na Pectic Polysaccharide from Semi-ripe Bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit\nin a Murine Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"ES Food Agrofor."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.04.001","article-title":"Synergism\nBetween Alkaloids Piperine and Capsaicin\nwith Meglumine Antimoniate against Leishmania infantum","volume":"188","author":"Vieira-Arau\u0301jo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.11.003","article-title":"Combination therapy with nitazoxanide and amphotericin\nB, Glucantime\u00ae, miltefosine and sitamaquine against Leishmania\n(Leishmania) infantum intracellular amastigotes","volume":"130","author":"Mesquita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio806","article-title":"A Clinical Drug Library Screen Identifies\nAstemizole\nas an Antimalarial Agent","volume":"2","author":"Chong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2009.07.002","article-title":"New Anti-Tuberculosis Agents amongst\nKnown Drugs","volume":"89","author":"Lougheed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26006","article-title":"The Novel Role of Pyrvinium\nin Cancer Therapy","volume":"233","author":"Momtazi-Borojeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00139","article-title":"Ex Vivo Phenotypic Screening of Two\nSmall Repurposing Drug Collections Identifies Nifuratel as a Potential\nNew Treatment against Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Domi\u0301nguez-Asenjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9020030","article-title":"In Vitro and\nEx Vivo Synergistic Effect of Pyrvinium Pamoate Combined with Miltefosine\nand Paromomycin against Leishmania","volume":"9","author":"Melco\u0301n-Ferna\u0301ndez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trop Med. Infect Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090806","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Artesunate\nin Combination with Amphotericin B and Miltefosine against Leishmania infantum: Potential for Dose Reduction and Enhanced\nTherapeutic Strategies","volume":"13","author":"Intakhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026091109085226100_cit137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190410153307","article-title":"Preventive Role of\nResveratrol against\nInflammatory Cytokines and Related Diseases","volume":"25","author":"Rafe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2022.108360","article-title":"Anti-Parasitic\nEffects\nof Resveratrol on Protoscolices and Hydatid Cyst Layers","volume":"241","author":"Ganji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02455-8","article-title":"Anti-Leishmanial\nEffects of Resveratrol\nand Resveratrol Nanoemulsion on Leishmania major","volume":"22","author":"Mousavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.11.0738","article-title":"Comparative Clinical Efficiency of\nResveratrol, Allopurinol, and\nResveratrol Plus Allopurinol in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"263","author":"Erdogan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.108898","article-title":"Ritonavir Enhances\nthe Efficacy of Amprenavir: A Promising Combination Therapy by Targeting Leishmania DNA Topoisomerase I for Treatment of Visceral\nLeishmaniasis","volume":"269","author":"Mazire","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091109085226100_cit142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70008","article-title":"Evaluation of Itraconazole Monotherapy Versus Its Combination\nwith a Single Dose of Pentamidine for Treating Cutaneous Leishmaniasis\nCaused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in Amazonas\nState, Western Brazilian Amazon","volume":"30","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop. Med.\nInt. Health"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107206","article-title":"Use of Topical rSm29\nin Combination\nwith Intravenous Meglumine Antimoniate in the Treatment of Cutaneous\nLeishmaniasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"147","author":"Lago","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106192","article-title":"A Pilot\nand Open Trial to Evaluate Topical Bacterial Cellulose Bio-Curatives\nin the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by L. braziliensis","volume":"225","author":"Celes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8080414","article-title":"Treatment of Cutaneous\nLeishmaniasis\nwith Sodium Stibogluconate and Allopurinol in a Routine Setting in\nEthiopia: Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcomes and Operational Challenges","volume":"8","author":"van Henten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med. Infect Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010238","article-title":"A Phase II Multicenter\nRandomized Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Combining\nThermotherapy and a Short Course of Miltefosine for the Treatment\nof Uncomplicated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in The New World","volume":"16","author":"Lo\u0301pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091109085226100_cit147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1337","article-title":"A Double-blind, Randomized Trial to Evaluate Miltefosine and Topical\nGranulocyte Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor in the Treatment\nof Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Brazil","volume":"73","author":"Machado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01315-13","article-title":"Combination Therapy with Tamoxifen\nand Amphotericin B in Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"58","author":"Trinconi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108274","article-title":"In Vitro And In Vivo\nTherapeutic Potentials Of 6-Gingerol in Combination with Amphotericin\nB For Treatment of Leishmania major Infection: Powerful Synergistic\nand Multifunctional Effects","volume":"101","author":"Keyhani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2023.2267470","article-title":"Synergistic Combination of Cinnamomum\nverum and Syzygium aromaticum Treatment for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis\nand Investigation of their Molecular Mechanism of Action","volume":"34","author":"Essid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026091109085226100_cit151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291322","article-title":"In silico and in vitro potentials of crocin and amphotericin\nB on Leishmania major: Multiple synergistic mechanisms of actions","volume":"18","author":"Salarkia","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091109085226100_cit152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17081014","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of the Combinatorial\nEffect of Naringenin and Miltefosine against Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"17","author":"Lessa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01425-21","article-title":"Potency and Preclinical\nEvidence of Synergy of Oral Azole Drugs and Miltefosine in an Ex Vivo\nModel of Leishmania (viannia) panamensis Infection","volume":"66","author":"Ferna\u0301ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00505-09","article-title":"Amiodarone and Miltefosine\nAct Synergistically against Leishmania Mexicana and\nCan Induce Parasitological Cure in a Murine Model of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"53","author":"Serrano-Marti\u0301n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050691f","article-title":"Amiodarone Has Intrinsic Anti-Trypanosoma Cruzi Activity and Acts Synergistically with Posaconazole","volume":"49","author":"Benaim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01215-08","article-title":"Amiodarone\nDestabilizes Intracellular Ca 2+ Homeostasis\nand Biosynthesis of Sterols in Leishmania mexicana","volume":"53","author":"Serrano-Marti\u0301n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.08.002","article-title":"The Combination Therapy\nof Meglumine Antimoniate and Oxiranes (Epoxy-\u0391-Lapachone and\nEpoxymethyl-Lawsone) Enhance the Leishmanicidal Effect in Mice Infected\nby Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis","volume":"10","author":"Gonc\u0327alves-Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091109085226100_cit158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-025-01089-w","article-title":"In Vitro Anti-Leishmanial Activity\nand Molecular Docking of Eugenol as a Potential Agent against Leishmania major","volume":"70","author":"Mohamadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100571","article-title":"Antileishmanial\nand Synergic Effects\nof Rhanterium epapposum Essential Oil and Its Main\nCompounds alone and Combined with Glucantime against Leishmania major infection","volume":"26","author":"Alanazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol.\nDrugs Drug Resist."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026091109085226100_cit160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0307537","article-title":"Assessment of the antileishmanial\nactivity of diallyl sulfide combined with meglumine antimoniate on\nLeishmania major: Molecular docking, in vitro, and animal model","volume":"19","author":"Zarrinkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-024-09530-4","article-title":"In Silico and Experimental Potentials\nof 6-shogaol and Meglumine Antimoniate on Leishmania major: Multiple Synergistic Combinations through Modulation of Biological\nProperties","volume":"72","author":"Shahsavari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108607","article-title":"Immunomodulatory\nand Additive Potential Effect of Piperine on Leishmania major: The In Silico and In Vitro Study of Piperine and Its Combination","volume":"254","author":"Sharifi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.02.002","article-title":"Combinations\nof Ascaridole, Carvacrol, and Caryophyllene Oxide against Leishmania","volume":"145","author":"Pastor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2021.02.011","article-title":"Efficacy of\nAmiodarone\nand Voriconazole Combination Therapy in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in\nthe Mice Experimentally Infected with Leishmania major","volume":"27","author":"Bahrami","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107143","article-title":"Quinine and Chloroquine: Potential Preclinical Candidates for the\nTreatment of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis","volume":"252","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta\nTrop."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ530","article-title":"Combination Treatment for Visceral\nLeishmaniasis Patients Coinfected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus\nin India","volume":"61","author":"Mahajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006527","article-title":"The Initial Effectiveness of Liposomal\nAmphotericin\nB (Ambisome) and Miltefosine Combination for Treatment of Visceral\nLeishmaniasis in HIV Co-Infected Patients in Ethiopia: A Retrospective\nCohort Study","volume":"12","author":"Abongomera","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006988","article-title":"A Randomized Trial\nof Ambisome Monotherapy and Ambisome and Miltefosine Combination to\nTreat Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV Co-Infected Patients in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Diro","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0931","article-title":"Combination Therapy Against Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis\nwith Liposomal Amphotericin B (FungisomeTM) and Short-Course Miltefosine\nin Comparison to Miltefosine Monotherapy","volume":"103","author":"Goswami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am.\nJ. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62050-8","article-title":"Comparison of Short-Course Multidrug Treatment with\nStandard Therapy for Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: An Open-Label,\nNon-Inferiority, Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"377","author":"Sundar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005635","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy\nof Short Course Combination Regimens with Ambisome, Miltefosine and\nParomomycin for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) In Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz486","article-title":"Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Liposomal Amphotericin\nB and Miltefosine in Combination for Treatment of Post Kala-Azar Dermal\nLeishmaniasis","volume":"221","author":"Ramesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.06.007","article-title":"Development\nof Antileishmanial\nLipid Nanocomplexes","volume":"107","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.06.003","article-title":"Combined Immunotherapeutic\nEffect\nof Leishmania-derived Recombinant Aldolase and Ambisome\nAgainst Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Keerti","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol., Immunol. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69276-5","article-title":"Modified\nSolid Lipid Nanoparticles Encapsulated with Amphotericin B and Paromomycin:\nAn Effective Oral Combination Against Experimental Murine Visceral\nLeishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Parvez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00859","article-title":"Coalition\nof Biological Agent (Melatonin) with Chemotherapeutic Agent (Amphotericin\nB) for Combating Visceral Leishmaniasis via Oral Administration of\nModified Solid Lipid Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Parvez","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater.\nSci. Eng."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.124804","article-title":"Combination Therapy with Amphotericin B And Doxorubicin\nEncapsulated in Mannosylated Nanomicelles for Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"598","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00208-12","article-title":"Efficacy of Combined Therapy with\nLiposome-Encapsulated Meglumine Antimoniate and Allopurinol in Treatment\nof Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Da Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob.\nAgents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00234-20","article-title":"Therapeutic Efficacy\nOf a Mixed Formulation Of Conventional And PEGylated Liposomes Containing\nMeglumine Antimoniate, Combined With Allopurinol, In Dogs Naturally\nInfected With Leishmania Infantum","volume":"64","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob.\nAgents Chemother"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026091109085226100_cit180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16238","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c02032","article-title":"Gold\u2013Silver Bimetallic Nanoparticles Reduced\nwith Herbal Leaf Extracts Induce ROS-Mediated Death in Both Promastigote\nand Amastigote Stages of Leishmania donovani","volume":"5","author":"Alti","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-024-01772-8","article-title":"Metal Oxide\u2013Enhanced\nPara-Coumaric Acid Nanoparticles for Precision Targeting of Leishmania donovani","volume":"15","author":"Sahu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026091109085226100_cit182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04742-14","article-title":"Epoxy-\u03b1-Lapachone\nHas In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Effects and Inhibits\nSerine Proteinase Activity in This Parasite","volume":"59","author":"Souza-Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2024.100525","article-title":"Efficacy of The Treatment Using a Microemulsion Loaded with Epoxy-\u0391-Lapachone\nin Combination with Meglumine Antimoniate Against Murine Infection\nby Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis","volume":"24","author":"Peixoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs\nDrug Resist."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107155","article-title":"Unveiling\nof the Antileishmanial Activities of Linalool Loaded Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite\nthrough Its Potent Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Effects","volume":"252","author":"Albalawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01097-w","article-title":"The Synergistic\nAnti-Leishmanial Effect of Photodynamic Therapy Employing Chemotherapy-Mediated\nNanocomposites","volume":"15","author":"Molaakbari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2021.102490","article-title":"Surfactant\nFree Synthesis of Cationic Nano-Vesicles: A Safe Triple Drug Loaded\nVehicle for the Topical Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"40","author":"Khalid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomed.: Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.05.002","article-title":"Investigation of Anti-Leishmanial\nEfficacy of Miltefosine and Ketoconazole Loaded on Nanoniosomes","volume":"185","author":"Nazari-Vanani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012765","article-title":"Contribution of Epidermal Growth\nFactor (EGF) in the\nTreatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania major in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"19","author":"Saberi","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop.\nDis."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2025.108966","article-title":"Topical Formulation\nof Oseltamivir Promotes Clinical Improvement and Reduction of Parasite\nLoad in BALB\/c Mice Infected with Leishmania major","volume":"274","author":"De Almeida Passos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026091109085226100_cit190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-022-02435-1","article-title":"Evaluation\nof the Efficacy of Amphotericin B and Terbinafine\nMicroemulsions and their Combination on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and\nComparison with the Conventional Drug Form in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"23","author":"Baharvandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026091109085226100_cit191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173335","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2023.2173335","article-title":"Co-Delivery\nof Amphotericin B and Pentamidine Loaded Niosomal Gel for the Treatment\nof Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"30","author":"Anjum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Delivery"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21939","article-title":"Nitazoxanide and\nQuercetin Co-Loaded Nanotransfersomal Gel for Topical Treatment of\nCutaneous Leishmaniasis with Macrophage Targeting and Enhanced Anti-Leishmanial\nEffect","volume":"9","author":"Bashir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2018.01.022","article-title":"The Effect\nof Different Parameters under Ultrasound Irradiation for Synthesis\nof New Nanostructured Fe3O4@bio-MOF as an Efficient Anti-Leishmanial\nIn Vitro and In Vivo Conditions","volume":"43","author":"Abazari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.18502\/ijpa.v15i4.4859","article-title":"Fe3O4@Bio-MOF Nanoparticles Combined\nwith Artemisinin,\nGlucantime, or Shark Cartilage Extract on Iranian Strain of Leishmania major (MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER): An In Vitro and In Vivo\nStudy","volume":"15","author":"Ghafarifar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2020.e00156","article-title":"Nanoparticles:\nNew Agents Toward Treatment of Leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Nafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol. Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026091109085226100_cit196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-024-03357-0","article-title":"Leishmanicidal\nand Anti-Microbial Effects of MgO\u2013ZnO Bimetallic Nanocomposites,\nFabricated with Curcuma zedoaria Oil","volume":"35","author":"Sheema","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym."},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit197","first-page":"140","article-title":"The Characterization\nand Antileishmanial Evaluation on Leishmania Major with Chitosan\/Zno Bio-Nanocomposite as Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"7","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomed. Res. J"},{"key":"2026091109085226100_cit198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122642","article-title":"Development of Ag-ZnO\/AgO Nanocomposites Effectives\nfor Leishmania braziliensis Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Barbosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"}],"container-title":["ACS Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00380","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/12\/9\/2922\/66882067\/acsinfecdis.6c00380.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/12\/9\/2922\/66882067\/acsinfecdis.6c00380.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:32:24Z","timestamp":1789133544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article\/12\/9\/2922\/5276891\/Harnessing-Conventional-and-Nanotechnology-Enabled"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}