{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:49:02Z","timestamp":1791557342819,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32ES007028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES007028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000165","name":"Division of Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE-2349507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE-2349507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NICHD 1R01HD102752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NICHD 1R01HD102752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NICHD01HD113675-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NICHD01HD113675-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["T32GM149371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM149371"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are bioactive carbohydrates that govern host\u2013microbe interactions and immune regulation. Beyond their antimicrobial and antibiofilm functions, HMOs have been shown to modulate inflammatory pathways by altering cytokine expression, including interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), which are key mediators in infection and inflammation associated complications. In this study, we characterize the effects of HMOs on cytokine secretion in THP-1 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharides using a validated magnetic bead electrochemical sandwich assay (MBESA). The electrochemical assay enabled precise quantification of cytokine responses and revealed that HMO treatment attenuated proinflammatory signaling in LPS stimulated macrophages. These findings provide new insights into the immunomodulatory properties of HMOs and demonstrate the utility of electrochemical biosensing platforms for rapid, sensitive assessment of cellular inflammatory responses. Future studies will expand this approach to microphysiological systems to further elucidate HMO mediated regulation of immune signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:02:47Z","timestamp":1790773367000},"page":"3398-3407","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrochemical Cytokine Profiling Reveals Dual Immunomodulatory\nEffects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in THP-1 Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6330-1310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Federico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37235-1822"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5472-398X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah A.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37235-1822"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Talbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37235-1822"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn R.","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haverford College , , 370 Lancaster Avenue , , ,","place":["Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States, 19041"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Gaddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232-2625"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5362-7235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37235-1822"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8756-106X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David E.","family":"Cliffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University , , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37235-1822"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909093944200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e6dbc0","article-title":"Inflammatory\nCytokines and Spontaneous\nPreterm Birth in Asymptomatic Women: A Systematic Review","volume":"116","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet. & Gynecol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100909093944200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36389","article-title":"Evidence that cytokines play a role\nin rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"118","author":"Brennan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295230","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1295230","article-title":"The dual role of\ninterleukin-6 in Crohn\u2019s disease\npathophysiology","volume":"14","author":"Alhendi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100909093944200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.3390\/life13122261","article-title":"Correlation of the Pro-Inflammatory\nCytokines IL-1\u03b2,\nIL-6, and TNF-\u03b1, Inflammatory Markers, and Tumor Markers with\nthe Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Florescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100909093944200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b00661","article-title":"Human Milk\nOligosaccharides (HMOs)\nSensitize Group B Streptococcus to Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Gentamicin,\nand Minocycline on a Strain Specific Basis","volume":"13","author":"Craft","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100909093944200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00630","article-title":"Mother Knows Best: Deciphering the\nAntibacterial Properties\nof Human Milk Oligosaccharides","volume":"52","author":"Craft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100909093944200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00064","article-title":"Human Milk Oligosaccharides\nExhibit Antimicrobial and\nAntibiofilm Properties against Group B Streptococcus","volume":"3","author":"Ackerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909093944200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00885-21","article-title":"Human Milk\nOligosaccharides Reduce Murine Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization\nwith Minimal Impact on the Vaginal Microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Mejia","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100909093944200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit464","article-title":"Human milk\noligosaccharides protect bladder epithelial cells against uropathogenic\nEscherichia coli invasion and cytotoxicity","volume":"209","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909093944200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00076-20","article-title":"A Solution to Antifolate\nResistance in Group B Streptococcus: Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies\nHuman Milk Oligosaccharide-Induced Perturbations That Result in Potentiation\nof Trimethoprim","volume":"11","author":"Chambers","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100909093944200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.3c00101","article-title":"The Utility\nof Human Milk Oligosaccharides\nagainst Group B Streptococcus Infections of Reproductive Tissues and\nCognate Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Cent.\nSci."},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.106111","article-title":"Inflammatory modulation effects of\nhuman milk oligosaccharides: From screening in-vitro to application in the milk powders","volume":"65","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379042","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1379042","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides\nregulate human macrophage polarization\nand activation in response to Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"15","author":"Jepsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909093944200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"03000605251315913","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251315913","article-title":"An overview\nof ELISA: a review and\nupdate on best laboratory practices for quantifying peptides and proteins\nin biological fluids","volume":"53","author":"Aydin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909093944200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04116","article-title":"Nanostructured Optical Photonic Crystal\nBiosensor for\nHIV Viral Load Measurement","volume":"4","author":"Shafiee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2025.118318","article-title":"CRISPR-assisted bioanalytical sensing\nof cytokines","volume":"192","author":"Gaba","year":"2025","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100909093944200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2024.101985","article-title":"A comprehensive\nreview on electrochemical cytokine detection in sweat","volume":"5","author":"Ploner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys. Sci."},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.138724","article-title":"Magnetic bead electrochemical\nsandwich assay (MBESA) for the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1\u03b2\nin fetal membrane on-a-chip studies and placental macrophages","volume":"446","author":"Richards","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sens. Act. B. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100909093944200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SD00058G","article-title":"Electrochemical\nimmunomagnetic assay for interleukin-6 detection in human plasma","volume":"3","author":"Buckey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100909093944200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elsa.202100077","article-title":"An electrochemical comparison of\nthiolated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation and stability in\nsolution on macro- and nanoelectrodes","volume":"2","author":"Piper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electrochem.\nSci. Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100909093944200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/bios10060066","article-title":"Magnetic Bead-Based Electrochemical Immunoassays On-Drop\nand On-Chip for Procalcitonin Determination: Disposable Tools for\nClinical Sepsis Diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"Molinero-Ferna\u0301ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00534-z","article-title":"Sialylated\nhuman milk\noligosaccharides prevent intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the\nTLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in necrotizing\nenterocolitis rats","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2026100909093944200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/17534259221100170","article-title":"Differential susceptibility\nto lipopolysaccharide\naffects the activation of toll-like-receptor 4 signaling in THP-1\ncells and PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innate\nImmun"},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680911","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.680911","article-title":"Human Milk Oligosaccharides:\nTheir Effects on the Host\nand Their Potential as Therapeutic Agents","volume":"12","author":"Rousseaux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front.\nImmunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909093944200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307544","article-title":"The human milk oligosaccharide\n2\u2032-fucosyllactose modulates CD14 expression in human enterocytes,\nthereby attenuating LPS-induced inflammation","volume":"65","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100909093944200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121481","article-title":"Tailored Combinations\nof Human Milk Oligosaccharides Modulate the Immune Response in an\nIn Vitro Model of Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Walsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100909093944200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847971","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides promote immune tolerance via direct interactions\nwith human dendritic cells","volume":"49","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.11.039","article-title":"In vitro immunomodulatory effects of human milk\noligosaccharides on murine macrophages RAW264.7 cells","volume":"207","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523829","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1523829","article-title":"Interactions\nof human milk oligosaccharides\nwith the immune system","volume":"15","author":"Slater","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. in Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100909093944200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00420","article-title":"Antibiofilm\nActivity of Human Milk Oligosaccharides against Multidrug Resistant\nand Susceptible Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"7","author":"Spicer","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100909093944200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202200643","article-title":"Anti-biofilm Activity of Human Milk\nOligosaccharides\nin Clinical Strains of Streptococcus agalactiae with Diverse Capsular\nand Sequence Types","volume":"24","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemBioChem."},{"key":"2026100909093944200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-051024-062915","article-title":"Shaping\nof the Infant\nGut Microbiome by Milk Oligosaccharides","volume":"95","author":"Federico","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu.\nRev. Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909093944200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NP00058G","article-title":"Human milk as a\ncomplex natural product","volume":"42","author":"Talbert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100909093944200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00234","article-title":"Interrogation\nof Human Milk Oligosaccharide\nFucosylation Patterns for Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Trends in\nGroup B Streptococcus","volume":"4","author":"Craft","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100909093944200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00183","article-title":"Antimicrobial\nand Antibiofilm Activity\nof Human Milk Oligosaccharides against Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"4","author":"Ackerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["ACS Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00388","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/12\/10\/3398\/68709919\/acsinfecdis.6c00388.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/12\/10\/3398\/68709919\/acsinfecdis.6c00388.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:49:35Z","timestamp":1791553775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article\/12\/10\/3398\/5442269\/Electrochemical-Cytokine-Profiling-Reveals-Dual"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}