{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:48:48Z","timestamp":1791557328023,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82402660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["QG26028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QG26028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that replicates within the Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV), a lysosome-like compartment. The acidic microenvironment within the CCV impairs the activity of weak-base antibiotics such as doxycycline, necessitating prolonged, high-dose therapy. To overcome this fundamental delivery barrier, we engineered a biomimetic nanoplatform by encapsulating doxycycline (DOX) within exosomes derived from THP-1 cell-derived macrophages (tExo). DOX@tExo nanoparticles displayed characteristic exosomal morphology and protein markers and demonstrated favorable biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, DOX@tExo were efficiently internalized by macrophages, trafficked specifically to lysosomes, and accumulated within CCVs. This precise targeting resulted in an enhancement of antibacterial potency, reducing the minimal effective concentration for marked inhibition of intracellular bacterial growth to 0.015 \u03bcg\/mL, more than an order of magnitude lower than that of free DOX. Beyond direct drug delivery, DOX@tExo treatment concurrently reduced autophagic cargo delivery, as indicated by decreased p62 accumulation, thereby potentially disrupting a host process coopted by the pathogen. In a murine model of pulmonary infection, DOX@tExo treatment significantly reduced bacterial burdens in multiple organs. Collectively, this work establishes a homologous exosome platform derived from THP-1 cells that combines targeted antibiotic delivery with host-directed immunomodulation, offering a therapeutic strategy against refractory intracellular bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:02:05Z","timestamp":1789606925000},"page":"3445-3461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeted Inhibition of Intracellular\n                    <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>\n                    by Overcoming the Vacuolar Barrier\nwith Autologous Exosomal Doxycycline"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mudanjiang Medical University , , , ,","place":["Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China, 157011"]},{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]},{"name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinru","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]},{"name":"Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinhui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]},{"name":"Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]},{"name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , , ,","place":["Fuzhou, China, 350002"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoya","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]},{"name":"Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mudanjiang Medical University , , , ,","place":["Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China, 157011"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9414-5256","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuan","family":"OuYang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mudanjiang Medical University , , , ,","place":["Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China, 157011"]},{"name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100071"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026100909094562300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.840534","article-title":"Antimicrobial\ntherapies for Q fever","volume":"11","author":"Kersh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect.\nTher."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909094562300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.2.167","article-title":"Treatment of Q fever endocarditis: comparison of 2\nregimens containing doxycycline and ofloxacin or hydroxychloroquine","volume":"159","author":"Raoult","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100909094562300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138817","article-title":"Q Fever Outbreak\namong Workers at a Waste-Sorting Plant","volume":"10","author":"Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS\nOne"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-107164","article-title":"Global infectious disease risks associated\nwith occupational exposure among non-healthcare workers: a systematic\nreview of the literature","volume":"79","author":"Acke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101159","article-title":"Assessing the evidence for effective biosafety risk\nmanagement in Coxiella burnetii research","volume":"21","author":"Blacksell","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59283-3","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii manipulates the lysosomal protease cathepsin\nB to facilitate intracellular success","volume":"16","author":"Bird","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20240899","article-title":"Mechanisms of lipid homeostasis in\nthe Coxiella Containing Vacuole","volume":"53","author":"Angara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc.\nTrans."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmicr.2021.100050","article-title":"The bacteriophage decides own tracks:\nWhen they are with or against the bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Makky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Microb. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010040","article-title":"Screening\nof an FDA-Approved Library for Novel Drugs against Y. pestis","volume":"10","author":"Gur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100909094562300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01610-23","article-title":"Doxycycline, levofloxacin,\nand moxifloxacin are superior to ciprofloxacin in treating anthrax\nmeningitis in rabbits and NHP","volume":"68","author":"Ben-Shmuel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents\nChemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100909094562300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050914","article-title":"Evaluation\nof Alternative Doxycycline Antibiotic Regimes in an Inhalational Murine\nModel of Q Fever","volume":"12","author":"Clay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100909094562300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01061-21","article-title":"Intracellular Activity of Antibiotics against Coxiella\nburnetii in a Model of Activated Human THP-1 Cells","volume":"65","author":"Peyrusson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100909094562300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5510","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03443-14","article-title":"Efficacy of liposome-encapsulated\nciprofloxacin in a murine model of Q fever","volume":"58","author":"Norville","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100909094562300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00673-21","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin,\nLevofloxacin, and Co-trimoxazole Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Q Fever","volume":"65","author":"Clay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob.\nAgents Chemother."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100909094562300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.006","article-title":"Use of axenic media\nto determine antibiotic efficacy against coxiella burnetii","volume":"51","author":"Clay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100909094562300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208449","article-title":"Intravenous Doxycycline, Azithromycin,\nor Both for Severe Scrub Typhus","volume":"388","author":"Varghese","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J.\nMed."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100909094562300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041407","article-title":"Peritoneal\ndialysis-associated peritonitis caused by Coxiella Burnetii: A case\nreport","volume":"104","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09484-w","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of persistent Q fever: a case series\nfrom China","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100909094562300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01460-06","article-title":"Controlled\ntrial of a 5-day course of telithromycin versus doxycycline for treatment\nof mild to moderate scrub typhus","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob.\nAgents Chemother."},{"issue":"24","key":"2026100909094562300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01856-12","article-title":"Genome sequence\nof Coxiella burnetii 109, a doxycycline-resistant clinical isolate","volume":"194","author":"Rouli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.105813","article-title":"Development of a Coxiella burnetii culture method for\nhigh-throughput assay to identify host-directed therapeutics","volume":"169","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15747-2","article-title":"A live cell reporter of exosome secretion and uptake\nreveals pathfinding behavior of migrating cells","volume":"11","author":"Sung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100909094562300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the\ncell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"van Niel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909094562300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0450-y","article-title":"The LC3-conjugation machinery specifies\nthe loading of RNA-binding proteins into extracellular vesicles","volume":"22","author":"Leidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100909094562300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-00934-8","article-title":"Ceramide-rich microdomains\nfacilitate nuclear envelope budding for non-conventional exosome formation","volume":"24","author":"Arya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100909094562300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001271","article-title":"Exosomes mediate\nLTB4 release during neutrophil chemotaxis","volume":"19","author":"Majumdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS\nBiol."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-013118-111902","article-title":"Exosomes","volume":"88","author":"Pegtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S315040","article-title":"Antibacterial\nEffect of Honey-Derived Exosomes Containing Antimicrobial Peptides\nAgainst Oral Streptococci","volume":"16","author":"Leiva-Sabadini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100909094562300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4759","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094759","article-title":"Harnessing Nature\u2019s\nDefence: The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Pasteurised Cattle Milk-Derived\nExtracellular Vesicles on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923","volume":"25","author":"Sapugahawatte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100909094562300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.3c00022","article-title":"Bovine Colostrum Exosomes Are a Promising\nNatural Bacteriostatic Agent against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909094562300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020124","article-title":"Antibacterial,\nAntifungal, and Anticancer Effects of Camel Milk Exosomes: An In Vitro\nStudy","volume":"10","author":"Shaban","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100909094562300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013101066","article-title":"Human urinary exosomes as innate\nimmune effectors","volume":"25","author":"Hiemstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139034","article-title":"Enhanced antibacterial activity of bovine milk exosome-based drug\nformulation against bacterial pathogens","volume":"447","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food\nChem."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00339","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Mesenchymal\nStem Cells: Current Status and New Perspectives of Antimicrobial Peptide-Based\nTherapies","volume":"8","author":"Alcayaga-Miranda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8095","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S179380","article-title":"Exosome-encapsulated\nantibiotic against intracellular infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100909094562300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0725-7","article-title":"Big pharma\nbuys into exosomes for drug delivery","volume":"38","author":"Zipkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100909094562300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13100919","article-title":"Beyond Antibiotics:\nWhat the Future Holds","volume":"13","author":"Benyamini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"6478","key":"2026100909094562300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications\nof exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909094562300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2023.06.006","article-title":"The ins-and-outs of exosome biogenesis,\nsecretion, and internalization","volume":"34","author":"Arya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cell\nBiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100909094562300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00608-17","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii Subverts p62\/Sequestosome\n1 and Activates Nrf2 Signaling in Human Macrophages","volume":"86","author":"Winchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100909094562300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix886","article-title":"Treatment\nof Chronic Q Fever: Clinical Efficacy and Toxicity of Antibiotic Regimens","volume":"66","author":"van Roeden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100909094562300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70135-3","article-title":"Long-term outcome of\nQ fever endocarditis: a 26-year personal survey","volume":"10","author":"Million","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"RR-03","key":"2026100909094562300_cit43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Q fever--United\nStates, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group","volume":"62","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100909094562300_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.191360","article-title":"Q Fever Osteoarticular\nInfection in Children","volume":"26","author":"Dabaja-Younis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100909094562300_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.2165\/11592780-000000000-00000","article-title":"Drug-induced photosensitivity: culprit drugs, management\nand prevention","volume":"34","author":"Drucker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-024-00709-w","article-title":"Doxycycline Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial\nSexually Transmitted Infections: The Current Landscape and Future\nDirections","volume":"22","author":"Allan-Blitz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54556-6","article-title":"The Effect of pH on Antibiotic Efficacy\nagainst Coxiella burnetii in Axenic Media","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci.\nRep."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100909094562300_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-019-00806-5","article-title":"Drug-Induced Photosensitivity-An\nUpdate: Culprit Drugs, Prevention and Management","volume":"42","author":"Blakely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281303","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1281303","article-title":"The intricate dance:\nhost autophagy and Coxiella burnetii infection","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100909094562300_cit50","first-page":"227","article-title":"Spontaneous nonthymic\ntumors in SCID mice","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100909094562300_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0653","article-title":"The attenuated nine\nmile phase II clone 4\/RSA439 strain of Coxiella burnetii is highly\nvirulent for severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice","volume":"89","author":"Islam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01552","article-title":"Comparison\nof PCR and Viable Count as a Method for Enumeration of Bacteria in\nan A\/J Mouse Aerosol Model of Q Fever","volume":"10","author":"Hartley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front.\nMicrobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100909094562300_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-026-00405-x","article-title":"The status of extracellular vesicles\nas drug carriers and therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev.\nBioeng."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100909094562300_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00856","article-title":"Engineering Approaches for Exosome Cargo Loading and Targeted Delivery:\nBiological versus Chemical Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS\nBiomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114068","article-title":"Molecular engineering of extracellular\nvesicles for drug delivery: Strategies, challenges, and perspectives","volume":"386","author":"Dave","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100909094562300_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-025-03961-w","article-title":"Multifunctional Engineering of Exosomes for Precision\nTherapeutics: Strategies for Targeted Delivery, Barrier Evasion, and\nClinical Translation","volume":"42","author":"Mendonca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100909094562300_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6874","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00825","article-title":"Impact of Lipid Bilayer\nComposition and Physicochemical Properties on Constitution of a Transmembrane\nHelical Peptide into Exosome-Mimetic Vesicles","volume":"22","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100909094562300_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01785-0","article-title":"Direct cytosolic delivery of siRNA via cell membrane fusion using\ncholesterol-enriched exosomes","volume":"19","author":"Zhuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100909094562300_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010660","article-title":"A protein-protein interaction map reveals that the Coxiella burnetii effector CirB inhibits host proteasome activity","volume":"18","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100909094562300_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00016-22","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii Plasmid Effector\nB Promotes LC3-II Accumulation and Contributes To Bacterial Virulence\nin a SCID Mouse Model","volume":"90","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100909094562300_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350893","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2350893","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii effector CvpE maintains biogenesis\nof Coxiella-containing vacuoles by suppressing lysosome\ntubulation through binding PI(3)P and perturbing PIKfyve activity\non lysosomes","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2026100909094562300_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2024.104880","article-title":"Embracing multiple infection models\nto tackle Q fever: A review of in vitro, in vivo, and lung ex vivo\nmodels","volume":"405-406","author":"Marena Guzman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"issue":"30","key":"2026100909094562300_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.05.074","article-title":"Construction\nof an inhalable recombinant M2e-FP-expressing Bacillus subtilis spores-based vaccine and evaluation of its protection efficacy against\ninfluenza in a mouse model","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["ACS Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00459","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/12\/10\/3445\/68538759\/acsinfecdis.6c00459.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/12\/10\/3445\/68538759\/acsinfecdis.6c00459.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:49:35Z","timestamp":1791553775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article\/12\/10\/3445\/5431715\/Targeted-Inhibition-of-Intracellular-Coxiella"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00459","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}