{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:50:46Z","timestamp":1791553846879,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiovascular implant infections significantly impact morbidity and mortality. Bacteriophage therapy has emerged as a potential strategy for device-related infection, particularly in biofilm-associated settings where conventional antimicrobial therapy is limited, often necessitating device removal. This review outlines phage treatment principles, including biofilm invasion, phage-antibiotic interaction, phage resistance, and infection protection mechanisms. We explore innovative approaches for using bacteriophages to treat infections around prosthetic vascular grafts, heart valves, left ventricular assist devices, and cardiac implantable electronic devices. Key issues in using bacteriophages for cardiovascular device infections include phage selection, resistance detection, phage production, regulatory aspects, and experimental models considering infection and device flow dynamics. Although clinical trials on phage therapy effectiveness are unavailable, its promise is significant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.6c00563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:01:21Z","timestamp":1790452881000},"page":"3309-3321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacteriophage Therapy in Cardiovascular Medicine:\nA Paradigm Shift in the Prevention of Device-Related Infections"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Abeer","family":"Alfadhli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]},{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shankave","family":"Sritharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diya","family":"Rangrej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey Ian","family":"Weitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9261-7611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zeinab","family":"Hosseinidoust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]},{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8757-8002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tohid F.","family":"Didar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]},{"name":"McMaster University , , , ,","place":["Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L8"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2026100909102466500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv33","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euab126","article-title":"Infections\nassociated with cardiac\nelectronic implantable devices: Economic perspectives and impact of\nthe TYRX antibacterial envelope","volume":"23","author":"Boriani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100909102466500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000692","article-title":"Implantable device-related\ninfection","volume":"46","author":"VanEpps","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100909102466500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofac054","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac054","article-title":"Long-term prognosis\nfollowing vascular graft infection:\nA 10-year cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Sixt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100909102466500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2018.08.007","article-title":"Prosthetic valve endocarditis-A trouble\nor a challenge?","volume":"73","author":"Ivanovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiol"},{"issue":"44","key":"2026100909102466500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv319","article-title":"2015 ESC guidelines\nfor the management of infective endocarditis: The task force for the\nmanagement of infective endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology\n(ESC) endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery\n(EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)","volume":"36","author":"Habib","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026100909102466500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290998","article-title":"GAMES investigators.\nClinical presentation, microbiology, and prognostic factors of prosthetic\nvalve endocarditis. Lessons learned from a large prospective registry","volume":"18","author":"Ramos-Marti\u0301nez","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026100909102466500_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2017.09.001","article-title":"2017 HRS expert consensus statement on cardiovascular\nimplantable electronic device lead management and extraction","volume":"14","author":"Kusumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100909102466500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0019-y","article-title":"Implant infections:\nAdhesion, biofilm\nformation and immune evasion","volume":"16","author":"Arciola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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