{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:16:06Z","timestamp":1793330166723,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,9]],"date-time":"2017-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":100,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000042","name":"Amgen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDA-2 1IK2BX001701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDA-2 1IK2BX001701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006537","name":"Vanderbilt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010901","name":"Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that causes invasive infections in both children and adults. During pregnancy, GBS is a significant cause of infection of the fetal membranes (chorioamnionitis), which can lead to intra-amniotic infection, preterm birth, stillbirth, and neonatal sepsis. Recently, breastfeeding has been thought to represent a potential mode of GBS transmission from mother to newborn, which might increase the risk for late-onset sepsis. Little is known, however, about the molecular components of breast milk that may support or prevent GBS colonization. In this study, we examine how human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) affect the pathogenesis of GBS. HMOs from discrete donor samples were isolated and profiled by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). Growth and biofilm assays show that HMOs from mothers of specific milk groups can modulate the growth and biofilm formation of GBS. High-resolution field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the quantitative biofilm assays and demonstrated cell arrangement perturbations in bacterial cultures treated with specific oligosaccharides. These findings demonstrate that HMOs affect the growth and cell biology of GBS. Finally, this study provides the first example of HMOs functioning as antibiofilm agents against GBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T18:43:47Z","timestamp":1496342627000},"page":"595-605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Human Milk Oligosaccharides Exhibit Antimicrobial\nand Antibiofilm Properties against Group B\n                    <i>Streptococcus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Dorothy L.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University , , 7330 Stevenson Center , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37235"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Doster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center , , 1161 21st Avenue South , D-3100 Medical Center North, , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u0308rn-Hendrik","family":"Weitkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center , , 1161 21st Avenue South , D-3100 Medical Center North, , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232"]},{"name":"Monroe Carell Jr. Children\u2019s Hospital at Vanderbilt , , 2200 Children\u2019s Way , Suite 2404, , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4587-6121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David M.","family":"Aronoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center , , 1161 21st Avenue South , D-3100 Medical Center North, , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Gaddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center , , 1161 21st Avenue South , D-3100 Medical Center North, , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232"]},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs , , 1310 24th Avenue South , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37212"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5362-7235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven D.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University , , 7330 Stevenson Center , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37235"]},{"name":"Vanderbilt University , , 896 Preston Research Building , , ,","place":["Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 37232-6304"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090216321720300_cit1","volume-title":"Exclusive breastfeeding for six months best for babies\neverywhere","author":"WHO.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090216321720300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E827","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3552","article-title":"Breastfeeding\nand the Use of Human Milk","volume":"129","author":"Eidelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090216321720300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e32834cdcb3","article-title":"Supporting breastfeeding\nin the United States: the Surgeon General\u2019s call to action","volume":"23","author":"Mass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090216321720300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.160","article-title":"Breast milk, microbiota,\nand intestinal immune homeostasis","volume":"77","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr.\nRes."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090216321720300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.037382","article-title":"The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by\nmaternal weight and mode of delivery","volume":"96","author":"Cabrera-Rubio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J.\nClin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090216321720300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2001.00090.x","article-title":"The gastrointestinal ecosystem: a precarious alliance\namong epithelium, immunity and microbiota","volume":"3","author":"McCracken","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell.\nMicrobiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090216321720300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2001.00743.x","article-title":"Maternal transmission of infectious\npathogens in breast milk","volume":"37","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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Infect.\nMicrobiol."},{"key":"2026090216321720300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.07.018","article-title":"Antigen I\/II encoded by integrative\nand conjugative elements of Streptococcus agalactiae and role in biofilm\nformation","volume":"88","author":"Chuzeville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. 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Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090216321720300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4481-4485.2000","article-title":"Commensal interactions in a dual-species biofilm exposed\nto mixed organic compounds","volume":"66","author":"Cowan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026090216321720300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11951","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11951","article-title":"The innate immune\nprotein calprotectin promotes Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus interaction","volume":"7","author":"Wakeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026090216321720300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1371-1_37","article-title":"Detection of four human\nmilk groups with respect to Lewis-blood-group-dependent oligosaccharides\nby serologic and chromatographic analysis","volume":"501","author":"Stahl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv.\nExp. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090216321720300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(67)90404-4","article-title":"Correlation between Secretor Status\nand Occurrence of 2\u2032-Fucosyllactose in Human Milk","volume":"28","author":"Grollman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090216321720300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5349-9","article-title":"High-throughput mass finger printing and Lewis blood group assignment\nof human milk oligosaccharides","volume":"401","author":"Blank","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal.\nChem."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090216321720300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300769g","article-title":"Comprehensive profiles of human milk\noligosaccharides yield highly sensitive and specific markers for determining\nsecretor status in lactating mothers","volume":"11","author":"Totten","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome\nRes."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090216321720300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwu036","article-title":"Rapid milk group classification by\n1H NMR analysis of Le and H epitopes in human milk oligosaccharide\ndonor samples","volume":"24","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090216321720300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4628-39.3.255","article-title":"Effect of Human\nMilk and its Components on Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm\nFormation","volume":"39","author":"Allison","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090216321720300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01624-09","article-title":"Utilization\nof lactose and galactose by Streptococcus mutans:\ntransport, toxicity, and carbon catabolite repression","volume":"192","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."}],"container-title":["ACS Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00064","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/3\/8\/595\/67003846\/acsinfecdis.7b00064.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article-pdf\/3\/8\/595\/67003846\/acsinfecdis.7b00064.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:32:22Z","timestamp":1788381142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/aidcbc\/article\/3\/8\/595\/1465017\/Human-Milk-Oligosaccharides-Exhibit-Antimicrobial"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.7b00064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2373-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2373-8227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]}}}