{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1793761757959,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["092340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["092340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and L.\u00a0infantum, is responsible for \u223c30\u202f000 deaths annually. Available treatments are inadequate, and there is a pressing need for new therapeutics. N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) remains one of the few genetically validated drug targets in these parasites. Here, we sought to pharmacologically validate this enzyme in Leishmania. A focused set of 1600 pyrazolyl sulfonamide compounds was screened against L.\u00a0major NMT in a robust high-throughput biochemical assay. Several potent inhibitors were identified with marginal selectivity over the human enzyme. There was little correlation between the enzyme potency of these inhibitors and their cellular activity against L.\u00a0donovani axenic amastigotes, and this discrepancy could be due to poor cellular uptake due to the basicity of these compounds. Thus, a series of analogues were synthesized with less basic centers. Although most of these compounds continued to suffer from relatively poor antileishmanial activity, our most potent inhibitor of LmNMT (DDD100097, Ki of 0.34 nM) showed modest activity against L.\u00a0donovani intracellular amastigotes (EC50 of 2.4 \u03bcM) and maintained a modest therapeutic window over the human enzyme. Two unbiased approaches, namely, screening against our cosmid-based overexpression library and thermal proteome profiling (TPP), confirm that DDD100097 (compound 2) acts on-target within parasites. Oral dosing with compound 2 resulted in a 52% reduction in parasite burden in our mouse model of VL. Thus, NMT is now a pharmacologically validated target in Leishmania. The challenge in finding drug candidates remains to identify alternative strategies to address the drop-off in activity between enzyme inhibition and in vitro activity while maintaining sufficient selectivity over the human enzyme, both issues that continue to plague studies in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.8b00226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T02:14:50Z","timestamp":1541038490000},"page":"111-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Pharmacological Validation of\n                    <i>N<\/i>\n                    -Myristoyltransferase\nas a Drug Target in\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Victoriano","family":"Corpas-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Moniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah S.","family":"Torrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Zander-Dinse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , , ,","place":["Hamburg, Germany, D-20359"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-017X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michele","family":"Tinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laste","family":"Stojanovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujatha","family":"Manthri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Hallyburton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Zuccotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0397-245X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3171-3519","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manu","family":"De Rycker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A. J.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Clos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , , ,","place":["Hamburg, Germany, D-20359"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8536-0130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-0329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan H.","family":"Fairlamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5238-1314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ian H.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8810-5605","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan","family":"Wyllie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090216332463600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80047-0","article-title":"Me\u0301decins\nSans Frontie\u0300res interventions against kala-azar in the Sudan,\n1989\u20132003","volume":"97","author":"Ritmeijer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med.\nHyg."},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090216332463600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11305","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500365f","article-title":"Recent developments in drug discovery\nfor leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"114","author":"Nagle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090216332463600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006052","article-title":"Drug resistance\nand treatment failure in leishmaniasis: A 21st century challenge","volume":"11","author":"Ponte-Sucre","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090216332463600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1517\/14728210903153862","article-title":"Developments in the treatment of\nvisceral leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"den Boer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Emerging\nDrugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090216332463600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.02.005","article-title":"Unresponsiveness to\nAmBisome in some Sudanese patients with kala-azar","volume":"101","author":"Mueller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"7717","key":"2026090216332463600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0356-z","article-title":"Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 is a drug\ntarget for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"560","author":"Wyllie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7619","key":"2026090216332463600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19339","article-title":"Proteasome inhibition for treatment\nof leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and sleeping sickness","volume":"537","author":"Khare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090216332463600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201300142X","article-title":"Screening strategies\nto identify new chemical diversity for drug development to treat kinetoplastid\ninfections","volume":"141","author":"Don","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090216332463600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)75745-7","article-title":"Amino-terminal processing of proteins\nby N-myristoylation. Substrate specificity of N-myristoyl transferase","volume":"262","author":"Towler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol.\nChem."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090216332463600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.9.2708","article-title":"Purification and characterization\nof yeast myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase","volume":"84","author":"Towler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"7289","key":"2026090216332463600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08893","article-title":"N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors\nas new leads to treat sleeping sickness","volume":"464","author":"Frearson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090216332463600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7206","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211391200","article-title":"Myristoyl-CoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase,\nan essential enzyme and potential drug target in kinetoplastid parasites","volume":"278","author":"Price","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"45","key":"2026090216332463600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28680","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.45.28680","article-title":"Human N-myristoyltransferase amino-terminal domain involved in\ntargeting the enzyme to the ribosomal subcellular fraction","volume":"272","author":"Glover","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090216332463600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20131033","article-title":"Biochemical and genetic characterisation of Trypanosoma cruzi N-myristoyltransferase","volume":"459","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090216332463600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004540","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004540","article-title":"Validation\nof N-myristoyltransferase as potential chemotherapeutic\ntarget in mammal-dwelling stages of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"10","author":"Herrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090216332463600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MD00241A","article-title":"Discovery of high\naffinity inhibitors of Leishmania donovani N-myristoyltransferase","volume":"6","author":"Rackham","year":"2015","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090216332463600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8664","DOI":"10.1021\/jm5011397","article-title":"Structure-based\ndesign of potent and selective Leishmania N-myristoyltransferase\ninhibitors","volume":"57","author":"Hutton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090216332463600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001625","article-title":"Selective\ninhibitors of protozoan protein N-myristoyltransferases\nas starting points for tropical disease medicinal chemistry programs","volume":"6","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090216332463600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00938","article-title":"Kinetics of\nendocytosis and recycling of the GPI-anchored variant surface glycoprotein\nin Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"117","author":"Engstler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell\nSci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090216332463600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(97)10046-0","article-title":"Endocytosis and secretion in trypanosomatid\nparasites tumultuous traffic in a pocket","volume":"7","author":"Overath","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends\nCell Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090216332463600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22359","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022359","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes are able to store and mobilize high amounts\nof cholesterol in reservosome lipid inclusions","volume":"6","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090216332463600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2015.01.003","article-title":"Global analysis of protein N-myristoylation\nand exploration of N-myristoyltransferase as a drug\ntarget in the neglected human pathogen Leishmania donovani","volume":"22","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090216332463600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9855","DOI":"10.1021\/jm500809c","article-title":"Lead optimization\nof a pyrazole sulfonamide series of Trypanosoma brucei N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors: identification and evaluation of\nCNS penetrant compounds as potential treatments for stage 2 human\nAfrican Trypanosomiasis","volume":"57","author":"Brand","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"2026090216332463600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1107\/S2052252514013001","article-title":"Diverse\nmodes of binding in structures of Leishmania major N-myristoyltransferase with selective inhibitors","volume":"1","author":"Brannigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IUCrJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090216332463600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02398-12","article-title":"Comparison\nof a high-throughput high-content intracellular Leishmania donovani assay with an axenic amastigote assay","volume":"57","author":"De Rycker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090216332463600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.138","article-title":"The cellular\nthermal shift assay for evaluating drug target interactions in cells","volume":"9","author":"Jafari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090216332463600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003363","article-title":"Using a non-image-based medium-throughput\nassay for screening compounds targeting N-myristoylation\nin intracellular Leishmania Amastigotes","volume":"8","author":"Paape","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"Pt\n4","key":"2026090216332463600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1107\/S2052252514014572","article-title":"Multiple chemical scaffolds inhibit\na promising Leishmania drug target","volume":"1","author":"Walkinshaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"IUCrJ"},{"key":"2026090216332463600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051886","article-title":"Characterization and selective inhibition\nof myristoyl-CoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase\nfrom Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major","volume":"396","author":"Panethymitaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090216332463600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.019","article-title":"Target assessment for antiparasitic drug discovery","volume":"23","author":"Frearson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090216332463600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611795429185","article-title":"Target validation: linking target and chemical properties\nto desired product profile","volume":"11","author":"Wyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med.\nChem."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090216332463600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1002\/qua.24481","article-title":"Jaguar: A high-performance quantum\nchemistry software program with strengths in life and materials sciences","volume":"113","author":"Bochevarov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Quantum Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090216332463600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1021\/jm201091t","article-title":"Discovery of a novel class of orally\nactive trypanocidal N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors","volume":"55","author":"Brand","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"2026090216332463600_cit34","volume-title":"Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitors in Drug\nDiscovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and Pharmacologists","author":"Copeland","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090216332463600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00142-7","article-title":"An in vitro system for developmental and genetic studies of Leishmania donovani phosphoglycans","volume":"130","author":"Goyard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090216332463600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004094","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel Leishmania donovani screening cascade for high-throughput\nscreening using a novel axenic assay with high predictivity of leishmanicidal\nintracellular activity","volume":"9","author":"Nuhs","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop.\nDis."},{"issue":"119","key":"2026090216332463600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119re1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003326","article-title":"The anti-trypanosome\ndrug fexinidazole shows potential for treating visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Wyllie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090216332463600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.01.004","article-title":"Refinement of techniques for the\npropagation of Leishmania donovani in hamsters","volume":"97","author":"Wyllie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090216332463600_cit39","first-page":"119","article-title":"Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. I. the variable\ncourse of Leishmania donovani infections in mice","volume":"30","author":"Bradley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026090216332463600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)90114-7","article-title":"An approach to functional complementation by introduction\nof large DNA fragments into Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani using a cosmid shuttle vector","volume":"65","author":"Kelly","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090216332463600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s004300100077","article-title":"Use of genetic complementation to\nidentify gene(s) which specify species-specific organ tropism of Leishmania","volume":"190","author":"Hoyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090216332463600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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