{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:55:38Z","timestamp":1790909738103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["092340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["092340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Available treatments for Chagas\u2019 disease and visceral leishmaniasis are inadequate, and there is a pressing need for new therapeutics. Drug discovery efforts for both diseases principally rely upon phenotypic screening. However, the optimization of phenotypically active compounds is hindered by a lack of information regarding their molecular target(s). To combat this issue we initiate target deconvolution studies at an early stage. Here, we describe comprehensive genetic and biochemical studies to determine the targets of three unrelated phenotypically active compounds. All three structurally diverse compounds target the Qi active-site of cytochrome b, part of the cytochrome bc1 complex of the electron transport chain. Our studies go on to identify the Qi site as a promiscuous drug target in Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma cruzi with a propensity to rapidly mutate. Strategies to rapidly identify compounds acting via this mechanism are discussed to ensure that drug discovery portfolios are not overwhelmed with inhibitors of a single target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T12:06:38Z","timestamp":1579694798000},"page":"515-528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Qi Site of Cytochrome\n                    <i>b<\/i>\n                    is a Promiscuous Drug Target in\n                    <i>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Wall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Bueren-Calabuig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Moniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Cantizani-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , , ,","place":["Tres Cantos, Spain, 28760"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorna","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albane","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , , ,","place":["Tres Cantos, Spain, 28760"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Cotillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , , ,","place":["Tres Cantos, Spain, 28760"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lalitha","family":"Sastry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujatha","family":"Manthri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Zuccotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , , ,","place":["Tres Cantos, Spain, 28760"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , , ,","place":["Tres Cantos, Spain, 28760"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-7404","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Miles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline , , ,","place":["Tres Cantos, Spain, 28760"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3171-3519","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manu","family":"De Rycker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-0329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan H.","family":"Fairlamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5238-1314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ian H.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8810-5605","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan","family":"Wyllie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dundee , , Dow Street , ,","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom, DD1 5EH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090304035153400_cit1","unstructured":"Control of Neglected\nTropical Diseases (NTD) World Health Organization (2015) Status of\nendemicity of visceral leishmaniasis worldwide. www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/burden\/Status_of_endemicity_of_VL_worldwide_2015_with_imported_cases.pdf?ua=1."},{"issue":"10100","key":"2026090304035153400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32130-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted\nlife-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life\nexpectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016:\na systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Hay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090304035153400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33945","article-title":"Kinetoplastids: related protozoan pathogens","volume":"118","author":"Stuart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090304035153400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx516","article-title":"What to expect and when: benznidazole\ntoxicity in chronic Chagas\u2019 disease treatment","volume":"73","author":"Aldasoro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090304035153400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.2.177","article-title":"Miltefosine: oral treatment\nof leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Soto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090304035153400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006","article-title":"Drug resistance in leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090304035153400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit102","article-title":"Increasing failure\nof miltefosine in the treatment of Kala-azar in Nepal and the potential\nrole of parasite drug resistance, reinfection, or noncompliance","volume":"56","author":"Rijal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. 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Chem."},{"issue":"6677","key":"2026090304035153400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/33612","article-title":"Electron transfer by domain movement\nin cytochrome bc1","volume":"392","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090304035153400_cit20","unstructured":"Schro\u0308dinger.\n          . (2018)  Schro\u0308dinger Small Molecule Drug Discovery suite, Schro\u0308dinger, New York."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090304035153400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006612","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006612","article-title":"Development of Trypanosoma cruzi\nin vitro assays to identify compounds suitable for progression in\nChagas\u2019 disease drug discovery","volume":"12","author":"MacLean","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS\nNeglected Trop. 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Dis."},{"issue":"7717","key":"2026090304035153400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0356-z","article-title":"Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 is a drug\ntarget for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"560","author":"Wyllie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090304035153400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820175116","article-title":"Preclinical candidate for the treatment\nof visceral leishmaniasis that acts through proteasome inhibition","volume":"116","author":"Wyllie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026090304035153400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9616","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807915115","article-title":"Clinical and\nveterinary trypanocidal benzoxaboroles target CPSF3","volume":"115","author":"Wall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"7619","key":"2026090304035153400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19339","article-title":"Proteasome inhibition for treatment\nof leishmaniasis, Chagas disease and sleeping sickness","volume":"537","author":"Khare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090304035153400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2015.10.001","article-title":"Development and\napplication of a sensitive, phenotypic, high-throughput image-based\nassay to identify compound activity against Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes","volume":"5","author":"Sykes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol.: Drugs Drug Resist."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090304035153400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2007.00328.x","article-title":"Molecular basis of\nresistance to cytochrome bc1 inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Fisher","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS\nYeast Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090304035153400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052951","article-title":"Identification of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine\ninhibitors targeting M. tuberculosis QcrB","volume":"7","author":"Abrahams","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS\nOne"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090304035153400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01276","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01276-18","article-title":"Arylvinylpiperazine Amides, a New Class of Potent Inhibitors\nTargeting QcrB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Foo","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090304035153400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2011.09.016","article-title":"Identification\nand validation of tetracyclic benzothiazepines as Plasmodium falciparum\ncytochrome bc1 inhibitors","volume":"18","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090304035153400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1021\/cb200105d","article-title":"A chemical genomic analysis of decoquinate, a Plasmodium\nfalciparum cytochrome b inhibitor","volume":"6","author":"Nam","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Chem.\nBiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090304035153400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.430","article-title":"Biological properties of the novel fungicide cyazofamid\nagainst Phytophthora infestans on tomato and Pseudoperonospora cubensis\non cucumber","volume":"58","author":"Mitani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pest Manage. Sci."},{"key":"2026090304035153400_cit34","volume-title":"The origins of genome architecture","author":"Lynch","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6283","key":"2026090304035153400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9279","article-title":"Parasites\nresistant to the antimalarial atovaquone fail to transmit by mosquitoes","volume":"352","author":"Goodman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science (Washington, DC, U. S.)"},{"key":"2026090304035153400_cit36","unstructured":"Trypobase Consortium. http:\/\/www.ipb.csic.es\/trypobase\/index.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090304035153400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00142-7","article-title":"An in vitro\nsystem for developmental and genetic studies of Leishmania donovani\nphosphoglycans","volume":"130","author":"Goyard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090304035153400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20131033","article-title":"Biochemical and\ngenetic characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi N-myristoyltransferase","volume":"459","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090304035153400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.t01-1-01019.x","article-title":"Identification and biosynthesis of\nN1,N9-bis(glutathionyl)aminopropylcadaverine (homotrypanothione) in\nTrypanosoma cruzi","volume":"226","author":"Hunter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090304035153400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.07.038","article-title":"Identification of a kappa-opioid agonist as a potent\nand selective lead for drug development against human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"80","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090304035153400_cit41","first-page":"289","article-title":"Cultivation and in vitro cloning\nor procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei in a semi-defined\nmedium. Short communication","volume":"36","author":"Brun","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090304035153400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004584","article-title":"Identification\nof Trypanocidal Activity for Known Clinical Compounds Using a New\nTrypanosoma cruzi Hit-Discovery Screening Cascade","volume":"10","author":"De Rycker","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090304035153400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02398-12","article-title":"Comparison of a high-throughput high-content\nintracellular Leishmania donovani assay with an axenic amastigote\nassay","volume":"57","author":"De Rycker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090304035153400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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