{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:33:12Z","timestamp":1793323992813,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-001"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-009"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC-16-01-KRICT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC-16-01-KRICT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI20C0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI20C0033"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI20C363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI20C363"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging human infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously called 2019-nCoV). Based on the rapid increase in the rate of human infection, the World Health Organization (WHO) has classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. Because no specific drugs or vaccines for COVID-19 are yet available, early diagnosis and management are crucial for containing the outbreak. Here, we report a field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensing device for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. The sensor was produced by coating graphene sheets of the FET with a specific antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The performance of the sensor was determined using antigen protein, cultured virus, and nasopharyngeal swab specimens from COVID-19 patients. Our FET device could detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at concentrations of 1 fg\/mL in phosphate-buffered saline and 100 fg\/mL clinical transport medium. In addition, the FET sensor successfully detected SARS-CoV-2 in culture medium (limit of detection [LOD]: 1.6 \u00d7 101 pfu\/mL) and clinical samples (LOD: 2.42 \u00d7 102 copies\/mL). Thus, we have successfully fabricated a promising FET biosensor for SARS-CoV-2; our device is a highly sensitive immunological diagnostic method for COVID-19 that requires no sample pretreatment or labeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c02823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T10:31:35Z","timestamp":1586946695000},"page":"5135-5142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1710,"title":["Rapid\nDetection of COVID-19 Causative Virus (SARS-CoV-2)\nin Human Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens Using Field-Effect Transistor-Based\nBiosensor"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8734-6199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giwan","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute , , ,","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea, 28119"]},{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geonhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute , , ,","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea, 28119"]},{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hwa","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Toxicology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minsuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keun Bon","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Seop","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeonbuk National University Medical School , , ,","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea, 54986"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital , ,","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea, 54907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangmi","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]},{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute , , ,","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea, 28119"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9452-5849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daeui","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]},{"name":"Korea Institute of Toxicology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Gi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7343-4892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeong-O","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bum Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-4886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edmond Changkyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute , , ,","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea, 28119"]},{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]},{"name":"University of Science & Technology (UST) , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34113"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6681-4486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seung Il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Basic Science Institute , , ,","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea, 28119"]},{"name":"Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34114"]},{"name":"University of Science & Technology (UST) , , ,","place":["Daejeon, Republic of Korea, 34113"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit1","unstructured":"WHO\n          . Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report \u2013\n1. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4 (accessed 2020-04-15)."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A New Coronavirus\nAssociated with Human Respiratory\nDisease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","article-title":"The Species Severe Acute Respiratory\nSyndrome-Related Coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and Naming It\nSARS-CoV-2","volume":"5","author":"Coronaviridae\nStudy Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit4","unstructured":"WHO\n          . Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19):\nSituation Report\n\u2013 52. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200312-sitrep-52-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=e2bfc9c0_4 (accessed 2020-04-15)."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit5","unstructured":"WHO\n          . Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report\n\u2013 69. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200329-sitrep-69-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=8d6620fa_4 (accessed 2020-04-15)."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China,\nof Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.\nEngl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685","article-title":"Coronavirus Infections and Immune Responses","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.81","article-title":"SARS and MERS: Recent Insights into Emerging Coronaviruses","volume":"14","author":"de\nWit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel\nCoronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-Converting\nEnzyme 2 Is a Functional Receptor for the SARS Coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A Pneumonia Outbreak\nAssociated with a New Coronavirus of Probable Bat Origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729069","article-title":"Potent Binding\nof 2019 Novel Coronavirus Spike Protein by a SARS Coronavirus-Specific\nHuman Monoclonal Antibody","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes\nInfect."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM\nStructure of the 2019-nCoV Spike in the Prefusion Conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit14","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Technical Guidance:\nLaboratory Testing for 2019-nCoV in Humans","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2565","article-title":"Presumed Asymptomatic\nCarrier Transmission of COVID-19","volume":"323","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001737","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory\nSpecimens of Infected Patients","volume":"382","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J.\nMed."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b01803","article-title":"InP Nanowire Biosensor with Tailored\nBiofunctionalization: Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Disease\nBiomarker Detection","volume":"17","author":"Janissen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.8b03818","article-title":"Ultrasensitive Monolayer MoS2 Field-Effect Transistor\nBased DNA Sensors for Screening of\nDown Syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501686","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/501686","article-title":"Experimental Review\nof Graphene","volume":"2012","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Condens. Matter Phys."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","article-title":"The Rise\nof Graphene","volume":"6","author":"Geim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.12.018","article-title":"Detection of Heart\nFailure-Related\nBiomarker in Whole Blood with Graphene Field Effect Transistor Biosensor","volume":"91","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.09.025","article-title":"Label-Free Graphene Biosensor Targeting\nCancer Molecules Based on Non-Covalent Modification","volume":"87","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.07.048","article-title":"Doping Effects\nof Surface Functionalization on Graphene with Aromatic Molecule and\nOrganic Solvents","volume":"425","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5461","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6461","article-title":"Giant Enhancement\nin Vertical Conductivity of Stacked CVD Graphene Sheets by Self-Assembled\nMolecular Layers","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tc00191a","article-title":"Synthesis of nitrogen-doped\ngraphene by pyrolysis of ionic-liquid-functionalized graphene","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201506450","article-title":"Low-Voltage Complementary Electronics\nfrom Ion-Gel-Gated Vertical van der Waals Heterostructures","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706262","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201706262","article-title":"Photoelectric Detectors Based on\nInorganic p-Type Semiconductor Materials","volume":"30","author":"Teng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081718150183900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.25.964775","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Primer-Probe Sets for the\nLaboratory Confirmation of SARS-CoV-2","volume-title":"BioRixv","author":"Jung","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["ACS Nano"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acsnano.0c02823","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/14\/4\/5135\/18467569\/nn0c02823.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article-pdf\/14\/4\/5135\/18467569\/nn0c02823.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:23:38Z","timestamp":1787005418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/ancac3\/article\/14\/4\/5135\/603018\/Rapid-Detection-of-COVID-19-Causative-Virus-SARS"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.0c02823","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-0851","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-086X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]}}}