{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:30:12Z","timestamp":1793151012745,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588636800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-001"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588636800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-009"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588636800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a major shortage of N95 respirators, which are essential for protecting healthcare professionals and the general public who may come into contact with the virus. Thus, it is essential to determine how we can reuse respirators and other personal protective equipment in these urgent times. We investigated multiple commonly used disinfection schemes on media with particle filtration efficiency of 95%. Heating was recently found to inactivate the virus in solution within 5 min at 70 \u00b0C and is among the most scalable, user-friendly methods for viral disinfection. We found that heat (\u226485 \u00b0C) under various humidities (\u2264100% relative humidity, RH) was the most promising, nondestructive method for the preservation of filtration properties in meltblown fabrics as well as N95-grade respirators. At 85 \u00b0C, 30% RH, we were able to perform 50 cycles of heat treatment without significant changes in the filtration efficiency. At low humidity or dry conditions, temperatures up to 100 \u00b0C were not found to alter the filtration efficiency significantly within 20 cycles of treatment. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was a secondary choice, which was able to withstand 10 cycles of treatment and showed small degradation by 20 cycles. However, UV can potentially impact the material strength and subsequent sealing of respirators. Finally, treatments involving liquids and vapors require caution, as steam, alcohol, and household bleach all may lead to degradation of the filtration efficiency, leaving the user vulnerable to the viral aerosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]],"date-time":"2020-05-05T11:32:03Z","timestamp":1588678323000},"page":"6348-6356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":379,"title":["Can\nN95 Respirators Be Reused after Disinfection? How Many Times?"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"4C Air, Inc. , , ,","place":["Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4C Air, Inc. , , ,","place":["Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7313-7150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mervin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4C Air, Inc. , , ,","place":["Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanze","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4C Air, Inc. , , ,","place":["Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4C Air, Inc. , , ,","place":["Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4C Air, Inc. , , ,","place":["Sunnyvale, California, United States, 94089"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University , , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]},{"name":"Stanford University , , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6103-6352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University , , , ,","place":["Stanford, California, United States, 94305"]},{"name":"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Menlo Park, California, United States, 94025"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An Interactive\nWeb-Based Dashboard to Track COVID-19 in Real Time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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Wkly.\nRep."},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1086\/647174","article-title":"42 CFR Part 84: Respiratory Protective\nDevices Implications for Tuberculosis Protection","volume":"16","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit17","first-page":"13","article-title":"Interim Guidance on Infection Control Measures for 2009 H1N1 Influenza\nin Healthcare Settings, Including Protection of Healthcare Personnel","volume":"71","author":"NIOSH","year":"2009","journal-title":"Miss. RN"},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002589117","article-title":"Enhanced Isolation\nof SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2- Expressing Cells","volume":"117","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2005.08.018","article-title":"Do N95\nRespirators Provide 95% Protection Level against Airborne Viruses,\nand How Adequate Are Surgical Masks?","volume":"34","author":"Ba\u0142azy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J.\nInfect. Control"},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit20","unstructured":"Wall, T. H.; Hansen, P. E.\n          Filtering Web for Face Masks and Face Masks Made Therefrom. US3316904A, 1967."},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.01.013","article-title":"Numerical Prediction of the Effect\nof Uptake Velocity on Three-Dimensional Structure, Porosity and Permeability\nof Meltblown Nonwoven Laydown","volume":"85","author":"Ghosal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit22","unstructured":"Kubik, D. A.; Davis, C. I.\n          Melt-Blown Fibrous Electrets. 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Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elstat.2014.05.006","article-title":"Correlation between\nCharge Decay and Solvent Effect for Melt-Blown Polypropylene Electret\nFilter Fabrics","volume":"72","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrost."},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit33","unstructured":"Nazeeri, A. I.; Hilburn, I. A.; Wu, D.-A.; Mohammed, K. A.; Badal, D. Y.; Chan, M. H. W.; Kirschvink, J. L.\n          An Efficient Ethanol-Vacuum\nMethod for the Decontamination and Restoration of Polypropylene Microfiber\nMedical Masks & Respirators. medRxiv, 2020. https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.04.12.20059709v1 (accessed 2020\/04\/28)."},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mep070","article-title":"Evaluation of Five Decontamination\nMethods for Filtering Facepiece Respirators","volume":"53","author":"Viscusi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0407-x","article-title":"COVID-19: A New Challenge for Human Beings","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. 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F.\n          Is the Fit of N95 Facial Masks Effected by Disinfection?\nA Study of Heat and UV Disinfection Methods Using the OSHA Protocol\nFit Test. medRxiv, 2020. https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.04.14.20062810v1 (accessed 2020\/04\/28).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.14.20062810"},{"key":"2026081719195805300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.05.003","article-title":"Impact\nof Multiple Consecutive Donnings on Filtering Facepiece Respirator\nFit","volume":"40","author":"Bergman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. 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