{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:54:18Z","timestamp":1791550458676,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017R1A4A1014587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A4A1014587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1C1C1003669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1C1C1003669"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A4A1019423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A4A1019423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Male infertility is a multifactorial condition. Unexplained male infertility is often caused by spermatogenesis dysfunction. Knockout of Pin1, an important regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation, produces male infertility phenotypes such as testicular immaturity and azoospermia with spermatogonia depletion and blood\u2013testis barrier (BTB) dysfunction. Gene therapy has been clinically considered for the treatment of male infertility, but it is not preferred because of the risks of adverse effects in germ cells. Direct intracellular protein delivery using nanoparticles is considered an effective alternative to gene therapy; however, in vivo testicular protein delivery remains a pressing challenge. Here, we investigated the direct intracellular protein delivery strategy using a fibroin nanoparticle-encapsulated cationic lipid complex (Fibroplex) to restore intratesticular PIN1. Local intratesticular delivery of PIN1 via Fibroplex in Pin1 knockout testes produced fertile mice, achieving recovery from the infertile phenotypes. Mechanistically, PIN1-loaded Fibroplex was successfully delivered into testicular cells, including spermatogonial cells and Sertoli cells, and the sustained release of PIN1 restored the gene expression required for the proliferation of spermatogonial cells and BTB integrity in Pin1 knockout testes. Collectively, testicular PIN1 protein delivery using Fibroplex might be an effective strategy for treating male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T11:53:13Z","timestamp":1600948393000},"page":"13217-13231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Intratesticular\nPeptidyl Prolyl Isomerase 1 Protein\nDelivery Using Cationic Lipid-Coated Fibroin Nanoparticle Complexes\nRescues Male Infertility in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Woo Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bong Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Dan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Lim","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee In","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Sil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Hwa","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-1189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyung Mi","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6769-8341","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyun-Mo","family":"Ryoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University , , ,","place":["Seoul, Republic\nof Korea, 08826"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2018.20","article-title":"Sexual Dysfunction\nand Male Infertility","volume":"15","author":"Lotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat.\nRev. Urol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03105-9","article-title":"Best Practice Policies for Male Infertility","volume":"77","author":"Sharlip","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.11.048","article-title":"Multiple Gestation Associated with Infertility Therapy: An American\nSociety for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee Opinion","volume":"97","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/01913129609016317","article-title":"The Human Blood-Testis Barrier in\nImpaired Spermatogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Cavicchia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ultrastruct. Pathol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(02)00776-3","article-title":"An Oncological View\non the Blood-Testis Barrier","volume":"3","author":"Bart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002790","article-title":"The Blood-Testis\nBarrier and Its Implications for Male\nContraception","volume":"64","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.125401","article-title":"Blood-Testis Barrier\nand Spermatogenesis:\nLessons from Genetically-Modified Mice","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian\nJ. Androl."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.04.087","article-title":"Comparative Analysis\nof Enzyme Activities and Mrna Levels of Peptidyl Prolyl Cis\/Trans\nIsomerases in Various Organs of Wild Type and PIN1\u2013\/\u2013\nMice","volume":"580","author":"Fanghanel","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032404099","article-title":"Loss of PIN1 Function\nin the Mouse Causes Phenotypes Resembling Cyclin D1-Null Phenotypes","volume":"99","author":"Liou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.020859","article-title":"Spermatogonial Depletion\nin Adult PIN1-Deficient Mice","volume":"69","author":"Atchison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6977","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07229-1","article-title":"Blood-Testis\nBarrier Integrity Depends\non PIN1 Expression in Sertoli Cells","volume":"7","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.02.090","article-title":"Prolyl Isomerase PIN1\nIs Required Sperm Production\nby Promoting Mitosis Progression of Spermatogonial Stem Cells","volume":"497","author":"Kurita-Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.2741\/1476","article-title":"Role for PIN1\nin Mammalian Germ Cell Development and\nSpermatogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Atchison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Biosci., Landmark Ed."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.7b00844","article-title":"Selective\nRelease System for Antioxidative\nand Anti-Inflammatory Activities Using H2o2-Responsive Therapeutic\nNanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.08.030","article-title":"Multifunctional\nPlga Particles Containing Poly\u00ad(L-Glutamic Acid)-Capped Silver Nanoparticles\nand Ascorbic Acid with Simultaneous Antioxidative and Prolonged Antimicrobial\nActivity","volume":"10","author":"Stevanovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11170","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11170","article-title":"Internalization\nof Silver Nanoparticles into Mouse Spermatozoa Results in Poor Fertilization\nand Compromised Embryo Development","volume":"5","author":"Yoisungnern","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2399","article-title":"Protein\nTherapeutics: A Summary and\nPharmacological Classification","volume":"7","author":"Leader","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug\nDiscovery"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.01.019","article-title":"Fibroin\nParticle-Supported Cationic\nLipid Layers for Highly Efficient Intracellular Protein Delivery","volume":"122","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25673","article-title":"Direct Delivery\nof Recombinant PIN1 Protein Rescued Osteoblast Differentiation of\nPIN1-Deficient Cells","volume":"232","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-276527","article-title":"Connexin 43 Reboots Meiosis and Reseals\nBlood-Testis\nBarrier Following Toxicant-Mediated Aspermatogenesis and Barrier Disruption","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.005694","article-title":"Hormonal Treatment of Male Infertility: Promises and\nPitfalls","volume":"30","author":"Madhukar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101572","article-title":"Exposure\nto Silica\nNanoparticles Causes Reversible Damage of the Spermatogenic Process\nin Mice","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23773","article-title":"Emerging Research\nand Clinical Development Trends of Liposome and Lipid Nanoparticle\nDrug Delivery Systems","volume":"103","author":"Kraft","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.04.014","article-title":"Toxicity of\nCationic Lipids and Cationic Polymers in Gene Delivery","volume":"114","author":"Lv","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.01.003","article-title":"Is Toxicant-Induced\nSertoli Cell Injury in Vitro a Useful Model to Study\nMolecular Mechanisms in Spermatogenesis?","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin.\nCell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15671-4","article-title":"Rescue of Pfos-Induced Human Sertoli\nCell Injury by\nOverexpressing a P-Fak-Y407e Phosphomimetic Mutant","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.07.065","article-title":"Therapeutic\nEffect of Spermatogonial Stem Cell on Testicular Damage Caused by\nLead in Rats","volume":"592","author":"Pasha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01367","article-title":"PIN1 in Cell Cycle\nControl and Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front.\nPharmacol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2107","article-title":"PIN1, the Cell Cycle\nand Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Yeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63731-5","article-title":"Prevalent Overexpression\nof Prolyl Isomerase PIN1 in\nHuman Cancers","volume":"164","author":"Bao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-015-1431-7","article-title":"PIN1 Promotes Prostate\nCancer Cell Proliferation and\nMigration through Activation of Wnt\/Beta-Catenin Signaling","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0245","article-title":"Postnatal\nTesticular Development in Mouse Species with Different Levels of Sperm\nCompetition","volume":"143","author":"Montoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623314547279","article-title":"Postnatal Development\nof the Testis in the Rat: Morphologic\nStudy and Correlation of Morphology to Neuroendocrine Parameters","volume":"43","author":"Picut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488497","DOI":"10.1080\/20022727.2018.1488497","article-title":"Polyethylenimine-Based\nNanocarriers in Co-Delivery of Drug and Gene: A Developing Horizon","volume":"9","author":"Zakeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Rev. Exp"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.2672","article-title":"Cell Penetration:\nScope and Limitations by the Application of Cell-Penetrating Peptides","volume":"20","author":"Reissmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00754.x","article-title":"Endocytosis via Caveolae: Alternative Pathway with\nDistinct Cellular Compartments to Avoid Lysosomal Degradation?","volume":"13","author":"Kiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11653","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b05521","article-title":"Metal-Phenolic Coatings\nas a Platform\nto Trigger Endosomal Escape of Nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)02732-7","article-title":"Spermatogonial\nProliferation and Apoptosis in Hypospermatogenesis Associated with\nNonobstructive Azoospermia","volume":"76","author":"Takagi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0134","article-title":"Spermatogonial Stem\nCell Self-Renewal Requires Oct4,\na Factor Downregulated during Retinoic Acid-Induced Differentiation","volume":"26","author":"Dann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei412","article-title":"Spermatogonial Survival after Grafting\nHuman Testicular Tissue to Immunodeficient Mice","volume":"21","author":"Geens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro1234","article-title":"Is Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Male Infertility\nFeasible?","volume":"5","author":"Boekelheide","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1101","article-title":"The Mammalian Blood-Testis\nBarrier: Its Biology and\nRegulation","volume":"36","author":"Mruk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13879-8","article-title":"Sertoli Cell Ablation\nand Replacement of the Spermatogonial Niche in Mouse","volume":"11","author":"Yokonishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(03)00218-6","article-title":"Prolyl\nIsomerase PIN1 as a Molecular Target for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.016","article-title":"Proline\nIsomer-Specific\nAntibodies Reveal the Early Pathogenic Tau Conformation in Alzheimer\u2019s\nDisease","volume":"149","author":"Nakamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80906-X","article-title":"Prolyl Isomerases\nand Nuclear Function","volume":"92","author":"Hunter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5458.1644","article-title":"Requirement of the\nProlyl Isomerase PIN1 for the Replication Checkpoint","volume":"287","author":"Winkler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2011.07.001","article-title":"Prolyl Isomerase\nPIN1 as a Molecular\nSwitch to Determine the Fate of Phosphoproteins","volume":"36","author":"Liou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00584","article-title":"PIN1 Regulates the\nTiming of Mammalian\nPrimordial Germ Cell Proliferation","volume":"130","author":"Atchison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R29","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0463","article-title":"Regulation\nof Blood-Testis Barrier\nby Actin Binding Proteins and Protein Kinases","volume":"151","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406192","article-title":"X-Linked Tex11 Mutations, Meiotic\nArrest, and Azoospermia in Infertile Men","volume":"372","author":"Yatsenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"N.\nEngl. J. Med."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit52","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Mage-B4, a\nNovel Melanoma Antigen (Mage) Gene Specifically Expressed during Germ\nCell Differentiation","volume":"60","author":"Osterlund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1914","article-title":"Taf4b Is\nRequired for Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cell Development","volume":"33","author":"Lovasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0025","article-title":"Androgen Receptor Roles in Spermatogenesis\nand Fertility: Lessons from Testicular Cell-Specific Androgen Receptor\nKnockout Mice","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0003-3","article-title":"Genetics of\nMale Infertility","volume":"15","author":"Krausz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000059928.82702.6D","article-title":"Impaired Gap Junction Connexin43 in Sertoli Cells of\nPatients with Secretory Azoospermia: A Marker of Undifferentiated\nSertoli Cells","volume":"83","author":"Defamie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"2026081718265555600_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5587","article-title":"A Novel Variant of\nAndrogen Receptor Is Associated with Idiopathic\nAzoospermia","volume":"14","author":"Mou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. 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