{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:52:10Z","timestamp":1793656330323,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51703012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51703012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51873024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51873024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wet-resistant flexible electronics have gained impressive attention as underwater wearable sensors, all-weather electronic skins, and implantable bioelectrodes. However, fabricating a stable and nonswelling hydrogel-based electronic device used in diverse liquid media is challenging and promising for the progress of wet-resistance electronics. Herein, a solvent-resistant and tough hydrogel conductor is successfully prepared and exhibits fatigue resistance, antifreezing behavior, and nonswelling and wet-adhesion performances in organic and aqueous solutions. Moreover, the hydrogels are utilized as all-weather wearable sensors featuring high sensitivity, reliability, and wide sensing ranges for monitoring and distinguishing various physiological signals and human motions. Furthermore, the hydrogel sensors can even achieve accurate and stable mechanical sensing of pressure, bending, and stretching in diverse solvents consisting of water, chloroform, hexane, and dodecane. It is envisioned that the solvent-resistant and antifreezing hydrogel conductor can present promising feasibility as all-weather electronic skins, intelligent sensors in solvents, and soft robots in various harsh liquid environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T13:49:59Z","timestamp":1600091399000},"page":"13709-13717","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["Solvent-Resistant\nand Nonswellable Hydrogel Conductor\ntoward Mechanical Perception in Diverse Liquid Media"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun University of Technology , , No. 2055, Yan\u2019an Street , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130000"]},{"name":"Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun University of Technology , , No. 2055, Yan\u2019an Street , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-2311","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guanghui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun University of Technology , , No. 2055, Yan\u2019an Street , ,","place":["Changchun, China, 130000"]},{"name":"Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100095"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800124","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201800124","article-title":"Stretchable All-Gel-State Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors Enabled by\nMacromolecularly Interconnected 3D Graphene\/Nanostructured Conductive\nPolymer Hydrogels","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135516","article-title":"Reversible\nSwitching of Hydrogel-Actuated Nanostructures into Complex Micropatterns","volume":"315","author":"Sidorenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807328","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201807328","article-title":"Reversible Ion-Conducting Switch\nin a Novel Single-Ion Supramolecular Hydrogel Enabled by Photoresponsive\nHost\u2013Guest Molecular Recognition","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv.\nMater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11239","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00019","article-title":"Electronic Muscles\nand Skins: A Review of Soft Sensors and Actuators","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0244-6","article-title":"An Integrated Self-Healable Electronic Skin System\nFabricated via Dynamic Reconstruction of a Nanostructured\nConducting Network","volume":"13","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12860","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b08062","article-title":"Zwitterionic Skins\nwith a Wide Scope of Customizable Functionalities","volume":"12","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603544","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201603544","article-title":"Graphene\nTribotronics for Electronic Skin and Touch Screen Applications","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8810","article-title":"Highly Stretchable,\nTransparent Ionic Touch Panel","volume":"353","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703852","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201703852","article-title":"Wearable, Healable, and Adhesive Epidermal Sensors\nAssembled from Mussel-Inspired Conductive Hybrid Hydrogel Framework","volume":"27","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.02.014","article-title":"Ultra-Stretchable Wearable Strain\nSensors Based on Skin-Inspired Adhesive, Tough and Conductive Hydrogels","volume":"365","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.287","article-title":"Biocompatible,\nSelf-Wrinkled,\nAntifreezing and Stretchable Hydrogel-Based Wearable Sensor with PEDOT:Sulfonated\nLignin as Conductive Materials","volume":"370","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10433-4","article-title":"A Bionic Stretchable Nanogenerator\nfor Underwater Sensing and Energy Harvesting","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001496","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001496","article-title":"Water-Resistant Conformal\nHybrid Electrodes for Aquatic Endurable Electrocardiographic Monitoring","volume":"32","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900450","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201900450","article-title":"Tough Adhesion of Nucleobase-Tackifed\nGels in Diverse Solvents","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801884","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201801884","article-title":"Tough Hydrogels with Fast, Strong,\nand Reversible Underwater\nAdhesion Based on a Multiscale Design","volume":"30","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv.\nMater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah6362","article-title":"Tough Adhesives\nfor Diverse Wet Surfaces","volume":"357","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700321","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201700321","article-title":"A Bioinspired\nMineral Hydrogel as a Self-Healable, Mechanically Adaptable Ionic\nSkin for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensing","volume":"29","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802576","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201802576","article-title":"Stretchable,\nTransparent, and Self-Patterned\nHydrogel-Based Pressure Sensor for Human Motions Detection","volume":"28","author":"Ge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806739","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201806739","article-title":"Disposable\nSensors in Diagnostics, Food, and Environmental Monitoring","author":"Dincer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102896","article-title":"Electric\nField Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films","volume":"306","author":"Novoselov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803189","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803189","article-title":"Snowing\u201d\nGraphene Using Microwave\nOvens","volume":"30","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.03.061","article-title":"Flexible Perovskite Solar Cell-Driven\nPhoto-Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Capacitor for Self-Powered Wearable\nStrain Sensors","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b00108","article-title":"Triboelectric-Nanogenerator-Based\nSoft Energy-Harvesting Skin Enabled by Toughly Bonded Elastomer\/Hydrogel\nHybrids","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808695","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201808695","article-title":"Self-Healable Multifunctional\nElectronic Tattoos Based on Silk and\nGraphene","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2012.04.006","article-title":"Study on Graphene-Oxide-Based\nPolyacrylamide Composite Hydrogels","volume":"43","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Composites,\nPart A"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b14404","article-title":"Smart Hybrid Graphene Hydrogels: A Study of the Different\nResponses to Mechanical Stretching Stimulus","volume":"10","author":"Gonza\u0301lez-Domi\u0301nguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2026081719081756300_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201504755","article-title":"Stretchable, Skin-Mountable,\nand Wearable Strain Sensors and Their Potential Applications: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Amjadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. 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