{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:15:33Z","timestamp":1792790133611,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M681902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M681902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82001932"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001932"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Foundation of Zhejiang province","award":["ZJ2020034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2020034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extremely limited drug retention and depigmentation represent the greatest barriers against vitiligo treatment advancement. Here, inspired by biological melanosomes, the primary melanin transporter, we developed biomimetic melanosomes to combat reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated melanocyte damage and depigmentation. Briefly, methylprednisolone (MPS) and melanin-mimicking polydopamine (PDA) were encapsulated inside lysine\u2013proline\u2013valine (KPV)-modified deformable liposomes (KPV-Lipos). Owing to their phospholipid bilayer flexibility and the specific affinity for melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), KPV-Lipos exhibited 1.43-fold greater skin deposition than traditional liposomes. The binding of KPV and its receptor also contributed to activating the cAMP\u2013tyrosinase (TYR) signaling pathway, improving the endogenous melanin content. In addition, PDA mimicked melanosomes as it effectively increased the exogenous melanin content and scavenged ROS. Meanwhile, MPS inhibited inflammatory cytokine secretion, limiting the depigmented area. Ultimately, the biomimetic melanosomes affected the skin color of mice with H2O2-induced vitiligo. These melanosomes show potential as a universal platform for the self-supply of melanin by self-driven melanin synthesis with exogenous supplementation. Furthermore, this study offers ideas for the production of artificial packed melanosome substitutes for melanocyte-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c05321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T16:56:46Z","timestamp":1634662606000},"page":"17361-17374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Biomimetic\nMelanosomes Promote Orientation-Selective\nDelivery and Melanocyte Pigmentation in the H2O2\u2011Induced Vitiligo Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ming-Chen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ling","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Fang","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University City College , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310015"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Third Hospital , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310009"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chan","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Yang","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Xia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu-Wen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2137-4517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong-Zhong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Hangzhou, China, 310058"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60763-7","article-title":"Vitiligo","volume":"386","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2004.09.032","article-title":"Transdermal\nDrug Delivery, 2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded, R.H. GuyJ. Hadgraft\nMarcel Dekker, New York (2003), 383 pp","volume":"104","author":"Stinchcomb","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Controlled\nRelease"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12372","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress and Autoimmunity\nin Onset and Progression of Vitiligo","volume":"23","author":"Laddha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14283","article-title":"Cessation of Spread as a Treatment Objective in Vitiligo:\nPerception from the Patients\u2019 Point of View","volume":"174","author":"Van\nGeel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.10.043","article-title":"Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Overview\nPart II: Treatment Pptions and Approach to Treatment","volume":"65","author":"Felsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10351.x","article-title":"A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled\nTrial of Topical Tacrolimus 0\u00b71% vs. Clobetasol\nPropionate 0\u00b705% in Childhood Vitiligo","volume":"165","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00666.x","article-title":"Vitiligo Pathogenesis:\nAutoimmune Disease, Genetic Defect, Excessive Reactive Oxygen Species,\nCalcium Imbalance, or What Else?","volume":"17","author":"Ralf\nPaus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2011.00606.x","article-title":"Photo\u00ad(chemo)\u00adtherapy\nfor Vitiligo","volume":"27","author":"Pacifico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photodermatol.,\nPhotoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit9","volume-title":"Topical and Transdermal\nDrug Delivery: Principles and Practice","author":"Heather","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1304","article-title":"Current Status and Future Potential\nof Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"3","author":"Prausnitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug\nDiscovery"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0298-5","article-title":"Vitiligo:\nAn Update on Pathophysiology and Treatment\nOptions","volume":"18","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003263","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003263.pub3","article-title":"Interventions\nfor Vitiligo","volume":"24","author":"Whitton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane. Database. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08881.x","article-title":"Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management\nof Vitiligo","volume":"159","author":"Gawkrodger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.45141","article-title":"Life Quality Assessment\nAmong Patients with Vitiligo: Comparison of Married and Single Patients\nin Iran","volume":"74","author":"Dolatshahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol Venereol Leprol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.10.007","article-title":"Melatonin\nin the Skin: Synthesis, Metabolism and Functions","volume":"19","author":"Slominski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-197137","article-title":"Blunted Epidermal L-Tryptophan\nMetabolism\nin Vitiligo Affects Immune Response and ROS Scavenging by Fenton Chemistry,\nPart 1: Epidermal H2O2\/ONOO--Mediated Stress Abrogates Tryptophan\nHydroxylase and Dopa Decarboxylase Activities, Leading to Low Serotonin\nand Melatonin Levels","volume":"26","author":"Schallreuter","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.6b00230","article-title":"Mimicking\nMelanosomes: Polydopamine\nNanoparticles as Artificial Microparasols","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS\nCent. 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Clin Pract."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit24","first-page":"47","article-title":"Pharmakokinetik und\nMetabolismus\nvon Desoximetason [Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Desoxymethasone]","volume":"30","author":"Hornke","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit25","first-page":"398","article-title":"Biologic\nActivities of Some C21 Steroids and Some 6 Alpha-Methyl C21 Steroids","volume":"7","author":"Dulin","year":"1958","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2016.1179574","article-title":"Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate\nfor the Topical Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Kin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/10611869609046267","article-title":"Application of Liposomes as Potential\nCutaneous Drug\nDelivery Systems. In Vitro and in Vivo Investigation with Radioactively Labelled Vesicles","volume":"4","author":"Fresta","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Drug. Target."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.10.046","article-title":"Lipid Nanocarriers\nas Skin Drug Delivery Systems: Properties, Mechanisms of Skin Interactions\nand Medical Applications","volume":"535","author":"Sala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29715","article-title":"CD44 Assists the Topical Anti-Psoriatic\nEfficacy of Curcumin-Loaded Hyaluronan-Modified Ethosomes: A New Strategy\nfor Clustering Drug in Inflammatory Skin","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2003.10.006","article-title":"Deformable\nLiposomes for Dermal Administration of Methotrexate","volume":"270","author":"Trotta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S245326","article-title":"Recent\nProgress\nand Future Directions: The Nano-Drug Delivery System for the Treatment\nof Vitiligo","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1276","article-title":"Alpha-MSH\nPeptides Inhibit Production of Nitric Oxide and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha\nby Microglial Cells Activated with Beta-Amyloid and Interferon Gamma","volume":"263","author":"Galimberti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2016.00095","article-title":"Melanocortin\n1 Receptor: Structure, Function, and Regulation","volume":"7","author":"Wolf\nHorrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11903","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)86402-5","article-title":"Biosynthesis\nand Characterization of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating\nHormone, and an NH2-Terminal Fragment of the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone\/beta-Lipotropin\nPrecursor from Rat Pars Intermedia","volume":"254","author":"Gianoulakis","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Biol.\nChem."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1315","article-title":"Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone\nCounteracts the Suppressive Effect of UVB on Nrf2 and Nrf-Dependent\nGene Expression in Human Skin","volume":"150","author":"Kokot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071550","article-title":"G Protein\nPathways","volume":"296","author":"Neves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2009.00615.x","article-title":"\u03b1-MSH Activates Immediate Defense\nResponses to\nUV-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Melanocytes","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pigm. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.05.030","article-title":"PKA-Mediated\nPhosphorylation of ATR\nPromotes Recruitment of XPA to UV-Induced DNA Damage","volume":"54","author":"Jarrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05098","article-title":"Topical\nDrug Rescue\nStrategy and Skin Protection Based on the Role of Mc1r in UV-Induced\nTanning","volume":"443","author":"D\u2019Orazio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12613565","article-title":"Nle4DPhe7-Melanocyte-Stimulating\nHormone Increases the Eumelanin: Phaeomelanin Ratio in Cultured Human\nMelanocytes","volume":"104","author":"Hunt","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0518fje","article-title":"Influence of \u03b1-Melanocyte-Stimulating\nHormone and of Ultraviolet\nRadiation on the Transfer of Melanosomes to Keratinocytes","volume":"16","author":"Virador","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10479-9_1","article-title":"Environmental Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives","volume":"233","author":"Yong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. 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Drug Carrier Syst."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C723","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00462.2010","article-title":"A Practical\nGuide to Evaluating Colocalization\nin Biological Microscopy","volume":"300","author":"Dunn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell.\nPhysiol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1319","article-title":"Light-Emitting Diodes\nat 830 and 850 nm Inhibit Melanin Synthesis in Vitro","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta. Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12791","article-title":"The TYRP1-Mediated\nProtection of Human Tyrosinase Activity Does Not Involve Stable Interactions\nof Tyrosinase Domains","volume":"32","author":"Dolinska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pigm. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2937-x","article-title":"MFSD12 Mediates\nthe Import of Cysteine into Melanosomes and Lysosomes","volume":"588","author":"Adelmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00059.2017","article-title":"Melanosomes: Biogenesis, Properties,\nand Evolution\nof an Ancient Organelle","volume":"99","author":"D\u2019Alba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"2026081810162926800_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00611","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine\nAlleviates Neurogenesis Damage Following Neonatal Midazolam Exposure\nin Rats through JNK and P38 MAPK Pathways","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS\nChem. 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